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Title: The Theory and Practice of Archery

Author: Horace A. Ford

W. Butt

Release date: December 17, 2012 [eBook #41643]

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ARCHERY ***

ARCHERY

PRINTED BY

SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE

LONDON

THE

THEORY AND PRACTICE

OF

ARCHERY

BY THE LATE

HORACE FORD

CHAMPION ARCHER OF ENGLAND FOR THE YEARS 1850 TO 1859 AND 1867

NEW EDITION

THOROUGHLY REVISED AND RE-WRITTEN

BY

W. BUTT, M.A.

FOR MANY YEARS HON. SECRETARY OF THE ROYAL TOXOPHILITE SOCIETY

LONDON

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

1887

All rights reserved

PREFACE.

No excuse need be offered to archers for presenting to them a new edition of the late Mr. Horace A. Ford's work on the Theory and Practice of Archery. It first appeared as a series of articles in the columns of the 'Field,' which were republished in book form in 1856; a second edition was published in 1859, which has been long out of print, and no book on the subject has since appeared. Except, therefore, for a few copies of this book, which from time to time may be obtained from the secondhand booksellers, no guide is obtainable by which the young archer can learn the principles of his art. On hearing that it was in contemplation to reprint the second edition of Mr. Ford's book, it seemed to me a pity that this should be done without revision, and without bringing it up to the level of the knowledge of the present day. I therefore purchased the copyright of the work from Mr. Ford's representatives, and succeeded in inducing Mr. Butt, who was for many years the secretary of the Royal Toxophilite Society, to undertake the revision.

A difficulty occurred at the outset as to the form in which this revision should be carried out. If it had been possible, there would have been advantages in printing Mr. Ford's text untouched, and in giving Mr. Butt's comments in the form of notes. This course would, however, have involved printing much matter that has become entirely obsolete, and, moreover, not only would the bulk of the book have been increased to a greater extent even than has actually been found necessary, but also Mr. Butt's portion of the work, which contains the information of the latest date, and is therefore of highest practical value to young archers, would have been relegated to a secondary and somewhat inconvenient position. Mr. Butt has therefore rewritten the book, and it would hardly perhaps be giving him too much credit to describe the present work as a Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Archery by him, based on the work of the late Horace A. Ford.

In writing his book, Mr. Ford committed to paper the principles by means of which he secured his unrivalled position as an archer. After displaying a clever trick, it is the practice of some conjurers to pretend to take the spectators into their confidence, and to show them 'how it is done.' In such cases the audience, as a rule, is not much the wiser; but a more satisfactory result has followed from Mr. Ford's instructions.

Mr. Ford was the founder of modern scientific archery. First by example, and then by precept, he changed what before was 'playing at bows and arrows' into a scientific pastime. He held the Champion's medal for eleven years in succession—from 1849 to 1859. He also won it again in 1867. After this time, although he was seen occasionally in the archery field, his powers began to wane. He died in the year 1880. His best scores, whether at public matches or in private practice, have never been surpassed. But, although no one has risen who can claim that on him has fallen the mantle of Mr. Ford, his work was not in vain. Thanks to the more scientific and rational principles laid down by this great archer, any active lad nowadays can, with a few months' practice, make scores which would have been thought fabulous when George III. was king.

The Annual Grand National Archery Meetings were started in the year 1844 at York, and at the second meeting, in 1845, held also at York, when the Double York Round was shot for the first time, Mr. Muir obtained the championship, with 135 hits, and a score of 537. Several years elapsed before the championship was won with a score of over 700. Nowadays, a man who cannot make 700 is seldom in the first ten, and, moreover, the general level both among ladies and gentlemen continues to rise. We have not yet, however, found any individual archer capable of beating in public the marvellous record of 245 hits and 1,251 score, made by Mr. Ford at Cheltenham in 1857.

One chief cause of the improvement Mr. Ford effected was due to his recognising the fallacy in the time-honoured saying that the archer should draw to the ear. When drawn to the ear, part of the arrow must necessarily lie outside the direct line of sight from the eye to the gold. Consequently, if the arrow points apparently to the gold, it must fly to the left of the target when loosed, and in order to hit the target, the archer who draws to the ear must aim at some point to the right. Mr. Ford laid down the principle that the arrow must be drawn directly beneath the aiming eye, and lie in its whole length in the same vertical plane as the line between the eye and the object aimed at.

It is true that in many representations of ancient archers the arrow is depicted as being drawn beyond the eye, and consequently outside the line of sight. No doubt for war purposes it was a matter of importance to shoot a long heavy arrow, and if an arrow of a standard yard long or anything like it was used, it would be necessary for a man to draw it beyond his eye, unless he had very long arms indeed. But in war, the force of the blow was of more importance than accuracy of aim, and Mr. Ford saw that in a pastime where accuracy of aim was the main object, this old rule no longer held good. This was only one of many improvements effected by Mr. Ford; but it is a fact that this discovery, which seems obvious enough now that it is stated, was the main cause of the marvellous improvement which has taken place in shooting.

The second chapter in Mr. Ford's book, entitled 'A Glance at the Career of the English Long-Bow,' has been omitted. It contained no original matter, being compiled chiefly from the well-known works of Roberts, Moseley, and Hansard. The scope of the present work is practical, not historical; and to deal with the history of the English long-bow in a satisfactory manner would require a bulky volume. An adequate history of the bow in all ages and in all countries has yet to be written.

In the chapters on the bow, the arrow, and the rest of the paraphernalia of archery, much that Mr. Ford wrote, partly as the result of the practice and experiments of himself and others, and partly as drawn from the works of previous writers on the subject, still holds good; but improvements have been effected since his time, and Mr. Butt has been able to add a great deal of useful information gathered from the long experience of himself and his contemporaries.

The chapters which deal with Ascham's well-known five points of archery—standing, nocking, drawing, holding, and loosing—contain the most valuable part of Mr. Ford's teaching, and Mr. Butt has endeavoured to develope further the principles laid down by Mr. Ford. The chapters on ancient and modern archery practice have been brought up to date, and Mr. Butt has given in full the best scores made by ladies or gentlemen at every public meeting which has been held since the establishment of the Grand National Archery Society down to 1886.

The chapter on Robin Hood has been omitted for the same reasons which determined the omission of the chapter on the career of the English long-bow, and the rules for the formation of archery societies, which are cumbrous and old-fashioned, have also been left out.

The portrait of Major C. H. Fisher, champion archer for the years 1871-2-3-4, is reproduced from a photograph taken by Mr. C. E. Nesham, the present holder of the champion's medal.

In conclusion, it is hoped that the publication of this book may help to increase the popularity of archery in this country. It is a pastime which can never die out. The love of the bow and arrow seems almost universally planted in the human heart. But its popularity fluctuates, and though it is now more popular than at some periods, it is by no means so universally practised as archers would desire. One of its greatest charms is that it is an exercise which is not confined to men. Ladies have attained a great and increasing amount of skill with the bow, and there is no doubt that it is more suited to the fairer sex than some of the more violent forms of athletics now popular. Archery has perhaps suffered to some extent from comparison with the rifle. The rifleman may claim for his weapon that its range is greater and that it shoots more accurately than the bow. The first position may be granted freely, the second only with reserve. Given, a well-made weapon of Spanish or Italian yew, and arrows of the best modern make, and the accuracy of the bow is measured only by the skill of the shooter. If he can loose his arrow truly, it will hit the mark; more than that can be said of no weapon. That a rifleman will shoot more accurately at ranges well within the power of the bow than an archer of similar skill is certain; but the reason is that the bow is the more difficult, and perhaps to some minds on that account the more fascinating, weapon. The reason why it is more difficult is obvious, and in stating it we see one of the many charms of archery. The rifleman has but to aim straight and to hold steady, and he will hit the bull's-eye. But the archer has also to supply the motive force which propels his arrow. As he watches the graceful flight of a well-shot shaft, he can feel a pride in its swiftness and strength which a rifleman cannot share. And few pastimes can furnish a more beautiful sight than an arrow speeding swiftly and steadily from the bow, till with a rapturous thud it strikes the gold at a hundred yards.

C. J. LONGMAN.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER

PAGE

I.

OF THE ENGLISH LONG-BOW

1

II.

HOW TO CHOOSE A BOW, AND HOW TO USE AND PRESERVE IT WHEN CHOSEN

17

III.

OF THE ARROW

27

IV.

OF THE STRING, BRACER, AND SHOOTING-GLOVE

44

V.

OF THE GREASE-BOX, TASSEL, BELT, ETC.

67

VI.

OF BRACING, OR STRINGING, AND NOCKING

78

VII.

OF ASCHAM'S FIVE POINTS, POSITION STANDING, ETC.

83

VIII.

DRAWING

94

IX.

AIMING

107

X.

OF HOLDING AND LOOSING

122

XI.

OF DISTANCE SHOOTING, AND DIFFERENT ROUNDS

132

XII.

ARCHERY SOCIETIES, 'RECORDS,' ETC.

140

XIII.

THE PUBLIC ARCHERY MEETINGS AND THE DOUBLE YORK AND OTHER ROUNDS

148

XIV.

CLUB SHOOTING AND PRIVATE PRACTICE

279

PLATES.

PORTRAIT OF MR. FORD

Frontispiece

PORTRAIT OF MAJOR C. H. FISHER

To face p. 122

ARCHERY

CHAPTER I.

OF THE ENGLISH LONG-BOW

Of the various implements of archery, the bow demands the first consideration. It has at one period or another formed one of the chief weapons of war and the chase in almost every nation, and is, indeed, at the present day in use for both these purposes in various parts of the world. It has differed as much in form as in material, having been made curved, angular, and straight; of wood, metal, horn, cane, whalebone, of wood and horn, or of wood and the entrails and sinews of animals and fish combined: sometimes of the rudest workmanship, sometimes finished with the highest perfection of art.

No work exists which aims at giving an exhaustive description of the various forms of bows which have been used by different nations in ancient and modern times, and such an undertaking would be far beyond the scope of the present work. The only form of the bow with which we are now concerned is the English long-bow, and especially with the English long-bow as now used for target-shooting as opposed to the more powerful weapon used by our forefathers for the purposes of war. The cross-bow never took a very strong hold on the English nation as compared with the long-bow, and, as it has never been much employed for recreation, it need not be here described.

It is a matter of surprise and regret that so few genuine specimens of the old English long-bow should remain in existence at the present day. One in the possession of the late Mr. Peter Muir of Edinburgh is said to have been used in the battle of Flodden in 1513: it is of self-yew, a single stave, apparently of English growth, and very roughly made. Its strength has been supposed to be between 80 and 90 lbs.; but as it could not be tested without great risk of breaking it, its actual strength remains a matter of conjecture only. This bow was presented to Mr. P. Muir by Colonel J. Ferguson, who obtained it from a border house contiguous to Flodden Field, where it had remained for many generations, with the reputation of having been used at that battle.

There are likewise in the Tower two bows that were taken out of the 'Mary Rose,' a vessel sunk in the reign of Henry VIII. They are unfinished weapons, made out of single staves of magnificent yew, probably of foreign growth, quite round from end to end, tapered from the middle to each end, and without horns. It is difficult to estimate their strength, but it probably does not exceed from 65 to 70 lbs. Another weapon now in the Museum of the United Service Institution came from the same vessel. Probably the oldest specimen extant of the English long-bow is in the possession of Mr. C. J. Longman. It was dug out of the peat near Cambridge, and is unfortunately in very bad condition. It can never have been a very powerful weapon. Geologists say that it cannot be more recent than the twelfth or thirteenth century, and may be much more ancient. Indeed, from its appearance it is more probable that it is a relic of the weaker archery of the Saxons than that it is a weapon made after the Normans had introduced their more robust shooting into this country.

Before the discussion of the practical points connected with the bow is commenced, it must be borne in mind that these pages profess to give the result of actual experience, and nothing that is advanced is mere theory or opinion unsupported by proof, but the result only of long, patient, and practical investigation and of constant and untiring experiment. Whenever, therefore, one kind of wood, or one shape of bow, or one mode or principle of shooting, &c., is spoken of as being better than another, or the best of all, it is asserted to be so simply because, after a full and fair trial of every other, the result of such investigation bore out that assertion. No doubt some of the points contended for were in Mr. Ford's time in opposition to the then prevailing opinions and practice, and were considered innovations. The value of theory, however, is just in proportion as it can be borne out by practical results; and in appealing to the success of his own practice as a proof of the correctness of the opinions and principles upon which it was based, he professed to be moved by no feeling of conceit or vanity, but wholly and solely by a desire to give as much force as possible to the recommendations put forth, and to obtain a fair and impartial trial of them.

The English bows now in use may be divided primarily into two classes—the self-bow and the backed bow; and, to save space and confusion, the attention must first be confined to the self-bow, reserving what has to be said respecting the backed bow. Much, however, that is said of the one applies equally to the other.

The self-bow of a single stave is the real old English weapon—the one with which the mighty deeds that rendered this country renowned in bygone times were performed; for until the decline and disappearance of archery in war, as a consequence of the superiority of firearms, and the consequent cessation of the importation of bow-staves, backed bows were unknown. Ascham, who wrote in the sixteenth century, when archery had already degenerated into little else than an amusement, mentions none other than self-bows; and it may therefore be concluded that such only existed in his day. Of the woods for self-bows, yew beyond all question carries off the palm. Other woods have been, and still are, in use, such as lance, cocus, Washaba, rose, snake, laburnum, and others; but they may be summarily dismissed (with the exception of lance, of which more hereafter) with the remark that self-bows made of these woods are all so radically bad, heavy in hand, apt to jar, dull in cast, liable to chrysal, and otherwise prone to break, that no archer should use them so long as a self-yew or a good backed bow is within reach.

The only wood, then, for self-bows is yew, and the best yew is of foreign growth (Spanish or Italian), though occasionally staves of English wood are met with which almost rival those of foreign growth. This, however, is the exception; as a rule, the foreign wood is the best: it is straighter, and finer in grain, freer from pins, stiffer and denser in quality, and requires less bulk in proportion to the strength of the bow.

The great bane of yew is its liability to knots and pins, and rare indeed it is to find a six-feet stave without one or more of these undesirable companions. Where, however, a pin occurs, it may easily be rendered comparatively harmless by the simple plan of raising it—i.e. by leaving a little more wood than elsewhere round the pin in the belly and back of the bow. This strengthens the particular point, and diminishes the danger of a chrysal or splinter. A pin resembles a small piece of wire, is very hard and troublesome to the bowmaker's tools, runs right through the bow-stave from belly to back, and is very frequently the point at which a chrysal starts. This chrysal (also called by old writers a 'pinch') is a sort of disease which attacks the belly of a bow. At first it nearly resembles a scratch or crack in the varnish. Its direction is always diagonal to the line of the bow, and it gradually eats deeply into the bow and makes it appear as if it had been attacked with a chopper. If many small chrysals appear, much danger need not be feared, though their progress should be watched; but if one chrysal becomes deeply rooted, the bow should be sent to the bowmaker for a new belly. A chrysal usually occurs in new bows, and mostly arises from the wood being imperfectly seasoned; but it occasionally will occur in a well-seasoned bow that has been lent to a friend who uses a longer draw and dwells longer on the point of aim, thus using the weapon beyond its wont. Another danger to the life of a bow arises from splinters in the back. These mostly occur in wet weather, when the damp, through failure of the varnish, has been able to get into the wood. Directly the rising of a splinter is observed, that part of the bow should be effectually glued and wrapped before it is again used. After this treatment the bow will be none the worse, except in appearance. Yew and hickory only should be used for the backs of bows. Canadian elm, which is occasionally used for backs, is particularly liable to splinter. It is obvious whenever a bow is broken the commencement of the fracture has been in a splinter or a chrysal, according as the first failure was in the back or the belly; therefore in the diagnosis of these disorders archers have to be thankful for small mercies. The grain of the wood should be as even and fine as possible, with the feathers running quite straight, and as nearly as possible consecutively from the handle to the horn in each limb, and without curls; also, care should be taken, in the manufacture of a bow, that the sap or back be of even depth, and not in some places reduced to the level of the belly. The feathering of a yew bow means the gradual disappearance of some of the grain as the substance of the bow is reduced between the handle and horn. A curl is caused by a sudden turn in the grain of the wood, so that this feathering is abruptly interrupted and reversed before it reappears. This is a great source of weakness in a bow, both in belly and back. There should be nothing of the nature of feathering in the back of a bow, and it is believed that the best back is that in which nothing but the bark has been removed from the stave. Any interruption of the grain of the back is a source of weakness and a hotbed of splinters. A bow that follows the string should never be straightened, for the same reason that anything of the nature of a carriage-spring should on no account be reversed in application. The wood should be thoroughly well seasoned and of a good sound hard quality. The finest and closest dark grain is undoubtedly the most beautiful and uncommon; but the open or less close-grained wood, and wood of paler complexion, are nearly, if not quite, as good for use.

FIG. 1.—A GOOD BOW UNSTRUNG.

FIG. 2.—A GOOD BOW WHEN STRUNG.

FIG. 3.—A BADLY REFLEXED BOW THAT BENDS IN THE HAND.

FIG. 4.—A GOOD SHAPE FOR A NEW BOW.

FIG. 5.—A BOW THAT FOLLOWS STRING: STRUNG AND UNSTRUNG.

FIG. 6.—A REFLEX BOW: STRUNG AND UNSTRUNG.

(Figs. 5 and 6 show the different distances which the limbs of well-shaped and of reflex bows have to go to their rest when unstrung.)

FIG. 7.

Doublefish               Singlefish

The self-yew bow may be a single-stave—that is to say, made of a single piece of wood, or may be made of two pieces dovetailed or united in the handle by what is called a fish. In a single-stave bow the quality of the wood will not be quite the same in the two limbs, the wood of the lower growth being denser than that of the upper; whilst in the grafted bow, made of the same piece of wood, cut or split apart, and re-united in the handle, the two limbs will be exactly of the same nature. The joint, or fishing (fig. 7), should be double, not single. The difference, however, between these two sorts of self-yew bows is so slight as to be immaterial. In any unusually damp or variable climate single staves should be prepared; and in the grafted bows care should be taken in ascertaining that they be firmly put together in the middle. A single-stave bow has usually a somewhat shorter handle, as it becomes unnecessary to cover so much of the centre of the bow when the covering is not used as a cover to the joint, but for the purpose of holding the bow only.

In shape all bows should be full and inflexible in the centre, tapering gradually to each horn. They should never bend in the handle, as bows of this shape (i.e. a continuous curve from horn to horn) always jar most disagreeably in the hand. A perfectly graduated bend, from a stiff unbending centre of at least nine inches, towards each horn is the best. Some self-yew bows are naturally reflexed, others are straight, and some follow the string more or less. The slightly reflexed bows are perhaps more pleasing to the eye, as one cannot quite shake off the belief that the shape of Cupid's bow is agreeable. Bows which follow the string somewhat are perhaps the most pleasant to use.

The handle of the bow, which in size should be regulated to the grasp of each archer, should be in such a position that the upper part of it may be from an inch to an inch and a quarter above the true centre of the bow, or the point in the handle whereon the bow will balance. If this centre be lower down in the handle, as is usual in bows of Scotch manufacture, the cast of the bow may be somewhat improved, but at the cost of a tendency to that unpleasant feeling of kicking and jarring in the hand. Again, if the true centre be higher, or, as is the case in the old unaltered Flemish bows, at the point where the arrow lies on the hand, the cast will be found to suffer disadvantageously. If the handle be properly grasped (inattention to which will endanger the bow's being pulled out of shape), the fulcrum, in drawing, will be about the true balancing centre, and the root of the thumb will be placed thereon. Considering a bow to consist of three members—a handle and two limbs—the upper limb, being somewhat longer, must of necessity bend a trifle more, and this it should do. The most usual covering for the handle is plush; but woollen binding-cloth, leather, and india-rubber are also in constant use.

The piece of mother-of-pearl, ivory, or other hard substance usually inserted in the handle of the bow, at the point where the arrow lies, is intended to prevent the wearing away of the bow by the friction of the arrow; but this precaution overreaches itself, as in the course of an unusually long life the most hard-working bow will scarcely lose as much by this friction as must, to start with, be cut away for this insertion.

The length of the bow, which is calculated from nock to nock—and this length will vary a little from the actual length, according as it may be said to hold itself upright or stoop, i.e. follow the string—should be regulated by its strength and the length of the arrow to be used with it. It may be taken as a safe rule that the stronger the bow the greater its length should be; and so also the longer the arrow the longer should be the bow. For those who use arrows of the usual length of from 27 to 28 inches, with bows of the strength of from 45 lbs. to 55 lbs., a useful and safe length will be not less than 5 ft. 10 in. If this length of arrow or weight of bow be increased or diminished, the length of bow may be proportionally increased or diminished, taking as the two extremes 5 ft. 8 in. and 6 feet. No bow need be much outside either of these measurements. It may be admitted that a short bow will cast somewhat farther than a longer one of the same weight, but this extra cast can only be gained by a greater risk of breakage. As bows are usually weighed and marked by the bowmakers for a 28-inch arrow fully drawn up, a greater or less pull will take more or less out of them, and the archer's calculations must be made accordingly.

To increase or diminish the power of a bow, it is usual to shorten it in the former case, and to reduce the bulk in the latter; but to shorten a bow will probably shorten its life too, and mayhap spoil it, unless it be certain that it is superfluously long or sufficiently strong in the handle. On the other hand, to reduce a bow judiciously, if it need to be weaker, can do it no harm; but the reduction should not be carried quite up to the handle. It is a good plan to choose a bow by quality, regardless of strength, and have the best bow that can be procured reduced to the strength suitable. In all cases the horns should be well and truly set on, and the nocks should be of sufficient bulk to enclose safely the extremities of the limbs of the bow running up into them, and the edges of the nocks should be made most carefully smooth. If the edge of the nock be sharp and rough, the string must be frayed, and in consequence break sooner or later, and endanger the safety of the bow. The lower nock is not unfrequently put on or manufactured a trifle sideways as to its groove on the belly side. This is done with a view to compensate the irregularity of the loop: but this is a mistake, as it is quite unnecessary in the case of a loop, and must be liable to put the string out of position when there is a second eye to the string—and this second eye every archer who pays due regard to the preservation of his bows and strings should be most anxious to adopt as soon as possible.

From all that can be learned respecting the backed bow, it would appear that its use was not adopted in this country until archery was in its last stage of decline as a weapon of war, when, the bow degenerating into an instrument of amusement, the laws relating to the importation of yew staves from foreign countries were evaded, and the supply consequently ceased. It was then that the bowyers hit upon the plan of uniting a tough to an elastic wood, and so managed to make a very efficient weapon out of very inferior materials. This cannot fairly be claimed as an invention of the English bowyers, but is an adaptation of the plan which had long been in use amongst the Turks, Persians, Tartars, Chinese, and many other nations, including Laplanders, whose bows were made of two pieces of wood united with isinglass. As far as regards the English backed bow (this child of necessity), the end of the sixteenth century is given as the period of its introduction, and the Kensals of Manchester are named as the first makers—bows of whose make may be still in existence and use—and these were generally made of yew backed with hickory or wych-elm. At the time of the revival of archery—at the close of the last century, and again fifty years ago—all backed bows were held in great contempt by any that could afford self-yews, and were always slightingly spoken of as 'tea-caddy' bows; meaning that they were made of materials fit for nothing but ornamental joinery, Tunbridge ware, &c.

The backed bows of the present day are made of two or more strips of the same or different woods securely glued, and compressed together as firmly as possible, in frames fitted with powerful screws, which frames are capable of being set to any shape. Various woods are used, most of which, though of different quality, make serviceable bows. For the backs we have the sap of yew, hickory, American, Canadian, or wych-elm, hornbeam, &c.; and for the bellies, yew, lance, fustic, snake, Washaba, and letter-wood, which is the straight grained part of snake, and some others. Of all these combinations Mr. Ford gave the strongest preference to bows of yew backed with yew. These he considered the only possible rivals of the self-yew. Next in rank he classed bows of yew backed with hickory. Bows made of lance backed with hickory, when the woods used are well seasoned and of choice quality, are very steady and trustworthy, but not silky and pleasant in drawing like bows made of yew. One advantage of this combination of bow is that both these woods can be had of sufficient length to avoid the trouble in making and insecurity in use of the joint in the handle. Of bows into which more than two woods are introduced, the combination of yew for the belly, fustic or other good hard wood for the centre, and hickory for the back cannot well be improved upon, and such bows have been credited with excellent scores. There is also a three-wooded modification of the lance and hickory bow. In this a tapering strip of hard wood is introduced between the back and belly; this strip passes through the handle and disappears at about a foot from the horn in each limb. The lancewood bows are the cheapest, and next to these follow the lance-and-hickory bows, and then those of the description last mentioned. On this account beginners who do not wish to go to much expense whilst they are, as it were, testing their capacity for the successful prosecution of this sport, would do well to make a start with a bow of one or other of these descriptions. It will often be useful to lend to another beginner, or to a friend, to whom it might not be wise to lend a more valuable bow; or it may even be of use to the owner at a pinch. Bows have often been made of many more than three pieces; but nothing is gained by further complications, unless it be necessary in the way of repair.

Next in importance to the consideration of the material of which backed bows should be made comes the treatment of their shape. Judging from such specimens of backed bows, made by Waring and others, before the publication of Mr. H. A. Ford's articles on archery in the 'Field,' as have survived to the present day, and whose survival may be chiefly attributed to the fact that they were so utterly harsh and disagreeable in use that it was but little use they ever got, the author was probably right in saying that they all bent in the handle more or less when drawn, and were too much reflexed. There is but little doubt that—as the joint in the handle, necessitating extra bulk and strength, could be dispensed with in these bows—the makers considered it an excellent opportunity to give their goods what (however erroneously) was then considered the best shape (when drawn), namely, the perfect arc; and this harmonious shape they obtained most successfully by making the bows comparatively weak in the handle and unnecessarily strong towards the horns; with the result that these 'tea-caddy bows' met the contemptuous fate they well deserved. Modern archers have to be thankful to Mr. Ford for the vast improvement in backed bows (even more than in the case of self-bows), which are now perfectly steady in hand, and taper gradually, and as much as is compatible with the safety of the limbs, and this in spite of their being still made somewhat more reflex when new than appears necessary in the manufacture of self-yew bows. Yet Mr. Ford was perfectly right to condemn all reflexity that does not result in a bow becoming either straight or somewhat to follow the string after it has been in use sufficiently long for its necessary training to its owner's style. The first quality of a bow is steadiness. Now this quality is put in peril either by a want of exact balance between the two limbs—when the recoil of one limb is quicker than that of the other—or by undue reflexity. These causes of unsteadiness occur in self-bows as well as in backed bows, and are felt in the shape of a jar or kick in the hand when loosed. This unsteadiness from want of balance in the limbs may be cured by a visit of the bow to the maker for such fresh tillering (as it is called) as will correct the fault of one or other limb. If the unsteadiness arise from excessive reflexity, which cannot be reduced by use, a further tapering of the limbs must be adopted. No bow of any sort that cannot be completely cured of kicking should be kept, as no steady shooting can be expected from such a bow. A bow that is much reflexed will be more liable to chrysals and splinters, as the belly has to be more compressed and the back more strained than in a bow of proper shape; also, such a bow is much more destructive to strings, as a greater strain is put upon the strings by the recoil of the limbs than is the case with a bow that follows the string or bends inwards naturally. It is the uneven or excessive strain upon the string after the discharge of the arrow that causes the kicking of the bow.

When the question arises, 'Which is the best sort of bow?' it is found that the solution has only been rendered more complicated since 1859 by the great improvement in the manufacture of various sorts of backed bows: as the following remarks, then applied to the comparison between the self-yew and the yew-backed yew only, must now be extended to all the best specimens of backed bows of different sorts. The advocates of the self-yew affirm that good specimens of their pet weapon are the sweetest in use, the steadiest in hand, the most certain in cast, and the most beautiful to the eye; and in all these points, with the exception of certainty of cast, they are borne out by the fact. This being the state of the case, how is it, then, that a doubt can still remain as to which it is most profitable for an archer to use? Here are three out of four points (two of which are most important) in which it is admitted that the self-yew is superior; and yet, after much practical and experimental testing of all sorts, it must be left to the taste and judgment of each man to decide for himself. The fact undoubtedly is, that the self-yew is the most perfect weapon. But it is equally an undoubted fact that it requires more delicate handling; since, its cast lying very much in the last three or four inches of its pull, any variation in this respect, or difference in quickness or otherwise of loose, varies the elevation of the arrow to a much greater extent than the same variation of pull or loose in the others, whose cast is more uniform throughout. Now, were a man perfect in his physical powers, or always in first-rate shooting condition, there would be no doubt as to which bow he should use, as he would in this case be able to attain to the difficult nicety required in the management of the self-yew; but as this constant perfection never can be maintained, the superior merits of this bow are partially counteracted by the extreme difficulty of doing justice to them; and the degree of harshness of pull and unsteadiness in hand of the others being but trifling, the greater certainty with which they accomplish the elevation counterbalances, upon average results, their inferiority in other respects. Another advantage the self-yew possesses is, that it is not so liable to injury from damp as are the backed bows; but then the latter are much less costly, and, with common care, need cause no fear of harm from damp, as an inch of lapping at either end covering the junction with the horns will preserve them from this danger. As regards chrysals, and breakage from other causes than damp, bows of all sorts of wood are about equally liable to failure. The main results of the comparison, then, resolve themselves into these two prominent features: namely, that the self-yew bow, from its steadiness, sweetness, and absence of vibration, ensures the straightness of the shot better than backed bows; whilst the latter, owing to the regularity of their cast not being confined quite to a hair's breadth of pull, carry off the palm for greater certainty in the elevation of the shot.

It is almost unnecessary to say that there are bad bows of all sorts, many being made of materials that are fit for nothing but firewood; and yet the bowmakers seem to be almost justified in making up such materials by the fact that occasionally the most ungainly bow will prove itself almost invaluable in use, while a perfect beauty in appearance may turn out a useless slug.

Though it may be no easy matter to decide which particular sort of bow an individual archer should adopt, yet, when that individual has once ascertained the description of bow that appears to suit him best, he will be wise to confine his attention to that same sort in his future acquisition of bows. An archer who shoots much will find his bowmaker's account a serious annual matter if he keep none but the best self-yew bows; and therefore any who find it necessary to count the cost of this sport should do their best to adapt themselves to the cheaper though not much inferior backed bows. This also may be further said of the difference between self-yews and backed bows—namely, that there appears to be a sort of individuality attached to each self-yew bow, apart from the peculiarities of its class, which makes it difficult (not regarding the cost) to remedy the loss of a favourite self-yew bow. It is very much easier to replace any specimen of the other sorts of bows, as there is much less variation of character in each class.

The 'carriage bow' is made to divide into two pieces by means of a metal socket in the handle, after the fashion of the joint of a fishing-rod. The object of this make of bow is to render it more convenient as a travelling-companion; but, as the result is a bow heavy in hand and unpleasant in use, the remedy appears to be worse than the disease.

It is often asserted that the best bows should be made of steel, as superior in elasticity to wood; but this is not borne out by the results of experiment. The late Hon. R. Hely-Hutchinson, a member of the R. Tox. Soc., took a great deal of pains to have long-bows manufactured of steel both in England and in Belgium. The best of these, weighing about 50 lbs. for the 28-inch draw, with the aim and elevation which with a good wooden bow would carry an arrow 100 yards, scarcely carried its shaft as far as 60 yards, so deadly slow appeared the recoil; and besides this, the actual weight in the hand of the implement was so considerable that it would be a most serious addition to the toil of the day, on account of its being so frequently held out at arm's length, to say nothing of its having to be carried about all day.

CHAPTER II.

HOW TO CHOOSE A BOW, AND HOW TO USE AND PRESERVE IT WHEN CHOSEN

The next point to be considered is the strength of the bow to be chosen; and respecting this, in the first place, the bow must be completely under the shooter's command—within it, but not much below it. One of the greatest mistakes young archers (and many old ones too) commit is that they will use bows that are too strong for them. In fact, there are but few to whom, at one or other period of their archery career, this remark has not applied. The desire to be considered strong appears to be the moving agent to this curious hallucination; as if a man did not rather expose his weakness by straining at a bow evidently beyond his strength, thereby calling attention to that weakness, than by using a lighter one with grace and ease, which always give the idea of force, vigour, and power. Another incentive to the use of strong bows is the passion for sending down the arrows sharp and low, and the consequent employment of powerful bows to accomplish this; the which is perhaps a greater mistake than the other, for it is not so much the strength of the bow as the perfect command of it that enables the archer to obtain this desideratum. The question is not so much what a man can pull as what he can loose; and he will without doubt obtain a lower flight of arrow by a lighter power of bow under his command, than he will by a stronger one beyond his proper management. This mania for strong bows has destroyed many a promising archer, in an archery sense of the term. Not only did one of the best shots of his day, a winner of the second and first prizes at successive Grand National Meetings, dwindle beneath mediocrity in accuracy through this infatuation, but another brought himself to death's door by a dangerous illness of about a year's duration, by injury to his physical powers, brought on by the same failing, only carried to a much greater excess. And, after all, the thing so desired is not always thus attained.

Let the reader attend any Grand National Archery Meeting, and let him observe some fifty or so picked shots of the country arranged at the targets, and contending with all their might for the prizes of honour and skill. Whose arrows fly down the sharpest, steadiest, and keenest? Are they those of the archers who use the strongest bows? Not at all. Behold that archer from an Eastern county just stepping so unpretendingly forward to deliver his shafts. See! with what grace and ease the whole thing is done!—no straining, no contortions there! Mark the flight of his arrows—how keen, and low, and to the mark they fly! None fly sharper, few so sharp. And what is the strength of that beautiful self-yew bow which he holds in his hand? Scarce 50 lbs.! And yet the pace of his shaft is unsurpassed by any; and it is close upon five shillings in weight too. There is another. Mark his strength and muscular power! Possibly a bow of 80 lbs. would be within his pull; yet he knows better than to use any such, when the prizes are awarded to skill, not brute force. The bow he employs is but 48 lbs.; yet how steady and true is the flight of his arrow! And so on all through the meeting: it will be found that it is not the strongest bows, but those that are under the perfect command of their owners, that do their work the best.

Inasmuch, then, as the proper flight of an arrow from any bow depends almost entirely upon the way in which it is loosed, the strength of the bow must not be regulated by the mere muscular powers of the individual archer; for he may be able to draw even a 29-inch arrow to the head in a very powerful bow without being able during a match to loose steadily a bow of more than 50 lbs. Not the power of drawing, but of loosing steadily, must therefore be the guide here. The bow must be within this loosing power, but also well up to it; for it is almost as bad to be under- as over-bowed. The evils attendant upon being over-bowed are various: the left (bow) arm, wrist, and elbow, the fingers of the right (loosing) hand and its wrist, are strained and rendered unsteady; the pull becomes uncertain and wavering, and is never twice alike; the whole system is overworked and wearied; and, besides this, the mind is depressed by ill-success; the entire result is disappointment and failure. On the other hand, care must be taken not to fall into the opposite extreme of being under-bowed, as in this case the loose becomes difficult, and generally unsteady and unequal. The weight of the bows now in general use varies from 45 lbs. to 54 lbs., stronger ones forming the exception; and the lowest of these weights is ample for the distances now usually shot. Each archer must therefore find out how much he can draw with ease and loose with steadiness throughout a day's shooting, and choose accordingly. If a beginner, 50 lbs. is probably the outside weight with which he should commence; a few pounds less, in most cases, would even be better for the starting-point. As lately as twenty years ago bows were very carelessly marked in the indication of their strength, many bows being marked as much as 10 lbs. above their actual measure; but in the present day all the bowmakers incline towards the custom of marking a new bow to weigh rather less, perhaps by 3 lbs., than its actual weight. The reason of this is that in the opinion of the marker the bow will arrive at the strength marked in the course of use. It is indeed a very rare case when a new bow does not with use get somewhat weaker.

Besides keeping the bows for his own use mostly of the same description, every archer should also keep them of just about the same weight; and if he shoot much he should possess at the fewest three, as much alike as possible, and use them alternately. This will prove an economy in the end, as each will have time to recover its elasticity, and will thus last a much longer time. It is an agreeable feature in bows that they have considerable facility in recovery from the effects of hard work. This fact may be easily tested by weighing a bow on a steelyard before and after shooting a single York round with it, when a difference of one pound or more will be found in the strength of it, more particularly if the day be hot; but with a few days' rest this lost power will be regained by the bow.

In the choice of a bow a beginner should secure the assistance of an experienced friend, or content himself with an unambitious investment in a cheap specimen of backed-bow or a self-lance, on which he may safely expend his inexperience. When an archer is sufficiently advanced to know the sort and weight of bow that best suits him, let him go to the maker he prefers, and name the price he can afford to give—the prices of trustworthy self-yews vary from twenty to five guineas, of yew-backed yews from five to three guineas, and of other backed bows from three guineas to thirty shillings; whilst self-lance bows may be procured for as little as twelve shillings—and he will soon find what choice there is for him. If there appears one likely to suit, let him first examine the bow to see that there be no knots, curls, pins, splinters, chrysals, or other objectionable flaws; then let him string it, and, placing the lower end on the ground in such a position that the whole of the string shall be under his eye and uppermost, let him notice whether the bow be perfectly straight. If it be so, the bow, so balanced between the ground at the lower and a finger at the upper end, will appear symmetrically divided by the string into two parts. Should there appear to be more on one side of the string than on the other in either limb, the bow is not straight, and should be rejected. A bow is said to have a cast when it is tilted in its back out of the perpendicular to the plane passing through the string and the longitudinal centre of the bow. Any bow that has this fault should also be rejected. This fault, if it should happen to exist, will be easily detected by reversing the position of the bow just previously described, i.e. by holding the bow as before, but with the back upwards. The next step is to watch the bow as it is drawn up, so as to be able to judge whether it bend evenly in both its limbs and show no sign of weakness in any particular point. The upper limb, as before stated, being the longest, should appear to bend a trifle the most, so that the whole may be symmetrical, when considered as bending from the real centre. It may next be tested, to ascertain whether it be a kicker; thus the string must be drawn up six inches or so and then loosed (of course without an arrow). If the bow have the fault of kicking ever so little, experience will easily detect it by the jolt in the hand. But on no account in this experiment should the string (without an arrow) be fully drawn and loosed. Care should be taken that the bow be sufficiently long for its strength. What has hitherto been said applies to all bows; but in self-bows attention must be paid to the straightness of the feathering of the wood. As a general rule, the lightest wood in a yew-bow will have the quickest cast, and the heaviest will make the most lasting implement. Between two bows of the same strength and length, the one being slight and the other bulky, there will be about the same difference as between a thoroughbred and a cart-horse. Therefore the preference should be given to bows that are light and slight for their strength. Light-coloured and dark yew make equally good bows, though most prefer the dark colour for choice. Fine and more open grain in yew are also equally good, but the finer is more scarce. If there be no bow suitable—i.e. none of the right weight—let the choice fall upon the best bow of greater power, and let it be reduced. Failing this, the purchaser may select an unfinished stave and have it made to his own pattern; but it is not easy to foretell how a stave will make up.

There remains one point about a bow, hitherto unnoticed, and this is its section, as to shape. This may vary, being broad and flat across its back, or the contrary—deep and pointed in the belly. Here again extremes should be avoided—the bow should in shape be neither too flat nor too deep. If it be an inch or so across the back just above the handle, it should also have about the same measurement through from back to belly. This much being granted, it is further declared that the back should be almost as flat and angular as possible, showing that it has been reduced as little as may be after the removal of the bark; but the belly should be rounded; and as the back should not be reduced in its depth towards the horns, and should not get too narrow across, it will follow that the chief reduction, to arrive at the proper curvature when the bow is drawn, must be in the belly, and therefore towards the horn. A well-shaped bow will in measurement become somewhat shallower from back to belly than it is across the back as it advances towards the horns.

Bows are broken from several causes: by means of neglected chrysals in the belly, or splinters in the back; by a jerking, uneven, or crooked style of drawing; by dwelling over-long on the point of aim after the arrow is fully drawn; by the breaking of the string; by damp, and oftentimes by carelessness; and even by thoughtlessness. Bows, moreover, may be broken on the steelyard in the weighing of them. A few years ago, when the Americans first took up archery very keenly, one of their novices wrote to a prominent English archer saying that he had broken nearly seventy bows in a couple of years, and asking the reason. He was told that he must either keep his bows in a damp place or the bows must be very bad ones, or else (to which view the writer inclined) he must be in the habit of stringing them the reverse way with the belly outwards. This would certainly have a fatal effect, but it is true that the Americans bought a number of very bad bows about that time from inferior makers in England. Whenever chrysals appear they must be carefully watched, and, as has already been said, if they become serious, a new belly must be added. This will not be a serious disfigurement, even to a self-yew bow. A splinter should be glued and lapped at once, but no one nowadays seems to care to have the covering patch painted as formerly, to represent as nearly as possible the colours of the different parts of the bow. Care should be taken not to stab the belly of the bow with the point of the arrow when nocking it; and the dents in the back of the bow made with the arrow as it is carelessly pulled out of the target should be avoided. A glove-button will often injure the back of the bow whilst it is being strung. As other ornaments—buttons, buckles, &c.—may also inflict disfigurements, it is better to avoid their presence as far as possible. Breakages from a bad style of drawing, or from dwelling too long on the aim, can only be avoided by adopting a better and more rational method. In order to avoid fracture through the breaking of strings, any string that shows signs of failure from too much wear or otherwise should be discarded; and strings that are too stiff, too hard, and too thin should be avoided. If a string break when the arrow is fully or almost drawn, there is but little hope for the bow; but if it break in the recoil after the arrow is shot, which fortunately is more frequently the case, the bow will seldom suffer. Yet if after the bow is strung the archer should observe that the string is no longer trustworthy, and decide to discard it, he should on no account cut it whilst the bow is braced, as the result of so doing will be an almost certain fracture. If the string be looped at both ends and the loop at either end be made too large, so that it slip off the nock in stringing, the bow may break, so that an archer who makes his own loops at the lower end of the string must be careful not to make them too loose. Breakage from damp is little to be feared in self-bows, except in localities where it is exceptionally moist, or, after long neglect, when damp has taken possession of the joint in the handle. In these cases single staves only are safe. Amongst backed bows there is much mortality from this cause. Commonly, it will be the lower limb that will fail, as that is most exposed to damp, arising either from the ground whilst shooting, or from the floor when put away. If the bow has been used in damp weather it should be carefully dried and rubbed with waxed flannel or cloth. A waterproof case, an 'Ascham' raised an inch or so above the floor in a dry room, and the bow hung up, not resting on its lower horn, are the best-known precautions. Half an inch of lapping, glued and varnished, above and below the joint of the horn is also a safe precaution against damp; also an occasional narrow lap in the course of the limb will assist to 'fast bind, fast find.' As regards the danger of carelessness, bows have been broken through attempts to string them the wrong way, or by using them upside down; and thoughtlessness will lead the inexperienced to attempt to bring a bow that follows the string upright, to its infinite peril. In such cases the verdict of 'Serve him right' should be brought against the offender if he be the owner. In weighing a bow on the steelyard care must be taken to see that the peg indicating the length to be drawn be at the right point; otherwise a lady's bow, for instance, may be destroyed in the mistaken attempt to pull it up twenty-eight inches, or three inches too much.

It has already been stated that a belly much injured by chrysals may be replaced by a new belly; any incurable failure of the back may also be cured by its renewal. A weak bow or limb may also be strengthened by these means. Also, if either limb be broken or irretrievably damaged, and the remaining one be sound, and worth the expense, another limb may be successfully grafted on to the old one. If possible, let this be an old limb also, as the combination of new and old wood is not always satisfactory; the former (though well seasoned, being unseasoned by use), being more yielding, is apt after a little use to lose its relative strength, and so spoil the proper balance of the bow. This grafting of one broken limb upon another may be carried to the length of grafting together two limbs of different sorts. Mr. P. Muir, who was as good a bowyer as he was an accurate shot, had a favourite bow, that did him good service in 1865 at Clifton, when he took the third place at the Grand National Archery Meeting. This bow in one limb was yew-backed yew, and in the other lance backed with hickory. A bow that is weak in the centre, and not sufficiently strong to allow of the ends being further reduced, may be brought to the required shape, and strengthened by the addition of a short belly.

With regard to unstringing the bow during the shooting, say, of a York Round of 144 arrows, at the three distances, a good bow will not need it, if the shooting be moderately quick, excepting at the end of each of the distances. If there happen to be many shooters, or very slow ones, it may be unstrung after every three or four double ends; and of course it should be unstrung whenever an interruption of the shooting may occur from rain, or any other cause; but it certainly appears unnecessary to unstring the bow after each three shots, as this is an equally uncalled-for strain upon the muscles of the archer and relief to the grain of the wood. In a discussion on this subject, however, between Mr. James Spedding and Mr. P. Muir, the latter maintained that to be unstrung at each end was as agreeable to the bow as to rest on a camp-stool was to the archer. Some archers contend that it is better to have the bow strung some few minutes before the commencement of the shooting.

All that has been said respecting men's bows, with the exception of strength and length, applies equally to those used by ladies. The usual strength of these latter varies from 24 lbs. to 30 lbs. In length they should not be less than five feet. The usual length of a lady's arrow being twenty-five inches, whilst that of a gentleman is twenty-eight inches, it appears that, when fully drawn, a lady's bow must be bent more in proportion to its length than that of a gentleman. The proportion between the bows being as 5 to 6, whilst that of the arrows is as 6-1/4 to 7; yet ladies' bows appear to be quite capable of bearing this extra strain safely.

As bows of three pieces are seldom to be met with manufactured for the use of ladies, their choice of weapons is limited to self-yews, yew-backed yews, yew backed with hickory, and lance backed with hickory; also self-lance bows for beginners, &c. Ladies' bows of snake and other hard woods are still to be met with; but they are so vastly inferior to those above-mentioned that it is scarcely necessary to refer to them.

It is too common a practice amongst archers to throw the consequences of their own faults upon the bowmakers, accusing the weapon of being the cause of their failures, instead of blaming their own carelessness or want of skill. But, before this can be justly done, let each be quite certain that he has chosen his bow with care, and kept it with care; if otherwise, any accidents occurring are, ten to one, more likely to be the result of his own fault than that of the bowmaker.

CHAPTER III.

OF THE ARROW

The arrow is perhaps the most important of all the implements of the archer, and requires the greatest nicety of make and excellence of materials; for, though he may get on without absolute failure with an inferior bow or other tackle, unless the arrow be of the best Robin Hood himself would have aimed in vain. Two things are essential to a good arrow, namely, perfect straightness, and a stiffness or rigidity sufficient to stand in the bow, i.e. to receive the force of the bow as delivered by the string without flirting or gadding; for a weak or supple is even worse than a crooked arrow—and it need hardly be said how little conducive to shooting straight is the latter. The straightness of the arrow is easily tested by the following simple process. Place the extremities of the nails of the thumb and middle finger of the left hand so as just to touch each other, and with the thumb and same finger of the right hand spin the arrow upon the nails at about the arrow's balancing-point; if it revolve truly and steadily, keeping in close and smooth contact with the nails, it is straight; but if it jump in the very least the contrary is the case. In order to test its strength or stiffness the arrow must be held by the nock, with its pile placed on some solid substance. The hand at liberty should now be pressed downwards on the middle of the arrow. A very little experience as to whether the arrow offer efficient resistance to this pressure will suffice to satisfy the archer about its stiffness. An arrow that is weaker on one side than on the other should also be rejected.

Arrows are either selfs or footed; the former being made of a single piece of wood (these are now seldom in use, except for children), and the latter have a piece of different and harder wood joined on to them at the pile end. 'A shaft,' says old Roger Ascham,' hath three principal parts—the stele, the feather, and the head.' The stele, or wooden body of the arrow, used to be, and still is occasionally, made of different sorts of wood; but for target use, and indeed for any other description of modern shooting, all may be now discarded save one—red deal, which when clean, straight of grain, and well seasoned, whether for selfs or footed shafts, is incomparably superior to all others. For the footing any hard wood will do; and if this be solid for one inch below the pile it will be amply sufficient. Lance and Washaba are perhaps the best woods for this purpose; the latter is the toughest, but the former Mr. Ford preferred, as he thought the darkness of the Washaba had a tendency to attract the eye. The darker woods, however, are now mostly in use. This footing has three recommendations: the first, that it enables the arrow to fly more steadily and get through the wind better; the second, that, being of a substance harder than deal, it is not so easily worn by the friction it unavoidably meets with on entering the target or the ground; and the third, that this same hardness saves the point from being broken off should it happen to strike against any hard substance—such, for instance, as a stone in the ground or the iron leg of a target-stand. Before the shooting is commenced, and after it is finished, the arrows should be rubbed with a piece of oiled flannel. This will prevent the paint of the target from adhering to them. If in spite of this precaution any paint should adhere to them, sandpaper should on no account be used to clean them: this is most objectionable, as it will wear away the wood of the footing. Turpentine should be applied, or the blunt back of a knife.

Before entering upon the subject of the best shape for the 'stele' of the arrow for practical use, it is necessary to say a few words upon a point where the theory and practice of archery apparently clash.

If the arrow be placed on the bowstring as if for shooting, the bow drawn, and an aim taken at an object, and if the bow be then slowly relaxed, the arrow being held until it returns to the position of rest—i.e. if the passage of the arrow over the bow be slow and gradual—it will be found, if the bow be held quite firmly during this action, that the arrow does not finally point to the object aimed at, but in a direction deviating considerably to the left of it—in fact, that its direction has been constantly deviating more and more from the point of aim at each point during its return to the position of rest. This is, of course, due to the half-breadth of the bow, the nock of the arrow being carried on the string, in a plane passing through the string and the axis of the bow's length; and this deviation will be greater if the arrow be chested (i.e. slighter at the pile than at the nock), and less if it be bobtailed (i.e. slighter at the nock than at the pile) than if the arrow be cylindrical throughout. If the same arrow, when drawn to the head, be loosed at the object aimed at—i.e. if the passage of the arrow over the bow be impulsive and instantaneous—it will go straight to the object aimed at, the shooting being in all respects perfect.

How, then, is the difference of the final direction of the arrow in the two cases to be explained?

It must be observed that the nock of the arrow being constrained to move, as it does move in the last case, causes a pressure of the arrow upon the bow (owing to its slanting position on the bow, and its simultaneous rapidity of passage), and therefore a reacting pressure of the bow upon the arrow. This makes the bow have quite a different effect upon the deviation from what it had in the first case, when the arrow moved slowly and gradually upon the bow (being held by the nock), the obstacle presented by the half-breadth of the bow then causing a deviation wholly to the left. The pressure now considered, however, has a tendency to cause deviation to the left only during the first part of the arrow's passage upon the bow, whilst during the second part it causes a deviation to the right; or, more correctly speaking, the pressure of the bow upon the arrow has a tendency to cause a deviation to the left so long as the centre of gravity of the arrow is within the bow, and vice versâ. So that, if this were the only force acting upon the arrow, its centre of gravity (this is, of course, the point upon which the arrow, balanced horizontally, will poise) should lie midway in that part of the arrow which is in contact with the bow during the bow's recoil. There is another force which contributes towards this acting and reacting pressure between the arrow and the bow at the loose if the nocking-place of the string be properly fitted to the arrow, but not otherwise. As the fingers are disengaged from the string they communicate a tendency to spin to the string, and this spin immediately applies the arrow to the bow if it should happen to be off the bow through side-wind or that troublesome failing of beginners and others of a crooked pinch between the fingers upon the nock of the arrow. It will be observed that if the nocking-place be too small to fill the nock of the arrow this tendency to spin in the string will not affect the replacement of the arrow; but if the nocking-place be a good fit to the nock, the former must be a trifle flattened, and so communicate the spin of the string to the arrow in the shape of a blow upon the bow. It is not pretended that no arrow will fly straight unless the nocking-place fit the arrow. If the string be home in the nock the shot will still be correctly delivered, because the very close and violent pressure of the string on the nock will arrest the spin and so apply the arrow; but if the string be not home in the nock at the delivery of the loose, there is great danger that the nock will be broken, either from the nocking-place being too small, or from the other fault of its being too big. It is this spin given to the string as the arrow is loosed that necessitates the delivery of the arrow from the other side of the bow when the thumb-loose of the Oriental archer is employed, because this loose communicates the same spin, but reversed, to the string.

The struggle of these forces is clearly indicated by the appearance of the arrow where it comes in contact with the bow when it leaves the string. It is here that the arrow always shows most wear. It is also shown by the deep groove that gets worn by the arrow in a bow that has seen much service.

The nature of the dynamical action may be thus briefly explained. The first impulse given to the arrow, being instantaneous and very great (sufficient, as has been seen, to break the arrow if the string be not home in the nock) in proportion to any other forces which act upon it, impresses a very high initial velocity in the direction of the aim, and this direction the arrow recovers notwithstanding the slight deviations caused by the mutual action between the arrow and bow before explained—these in fact, as has been shown, counteracting each other.

FIG. 8.—BOBTAILED ARROW.

A, section of bow. B, string in nock. C, arrow nocked but not drawn. D, arrow drawn 27 inches.

FIG. 9.—CHESTED ARROW.

FIG. 10.—STRAIGHT CYLINDRICAL ARROW.

The recoil of the bow, besides the motion in the direction of aim, impresses a rotary motion upon the arrow about its centre of gravity. This tendency to rotate, however, about an axis through its centre of gravity is counteracted by the feathers. For, suppose the arrow to be shot off with a slight rotary motion about a vertical axis, in a short time its point will deviate to the left of the plane of projection, and the centre of gravity will be the only point which continues in that plane. The feathers of the arrow will now be turned to the right of the same plane, and, through the velocity of the arrow, will cause a considerable resistance of the air against them. This resistance will twist the arrow until its point comes to the right of the plane of projection, when it will begin to turn the arrow the contrary way. Thus, through the agency of the feathers, the deviation of the point of the arrow from the plane of projection is confined within very narrow limits. Any rotation of the arrow about a horizontal axis will be counteracted in the same way by the action of the feathers. Both these tendencies may be distinctly observed in the actual initial motion of the arrow. In the discussion of these rotations of the arrow about vertical and horizontal axes the bow is supposed to be held in a vertical position.

If the foregoing reasoning be carefully considered, it will be seen how prejudicial to the correct flight of the arrow in the direction of the aim any variation in the shape of that part of it which is in contact with the bow must necessarily be; for by this means an additional force is introduced into the elements of its flight. Take for example the chested arrow, which is smallest at the point and largest at the feathers: here there is during its whole passage over the bow a constant and increasing deviation to the left of the direction of aim, caused by the arrow's shape, independent of, and in addition to, a deviation in the like direction caused by the retention of the nock upon the string. Thus this description of arrow has greater difficulty in recovering its initial direction, the forces opposed to its doing so being so much increased. Accordingly, in practice, the chested arrow has always a tendency to fly to the left. These chested arrows are mostly flight-arrows, made very light, for long-distance shooting, and they are made of this shape to prevent their being too weak-waisted to bear steadily the recoil of very strong bows.

As regards the bobtailed arrow, which is largest at the point and smallest at the feathers, the converse is true to the extent that this description of arrow will deviate towards the left less than either the straight or chested arrow; moreover, any considerable bobtailedness would render an arrow so weak-waisted that it would be useless.

There is another arrow, known as the barrelled arrow, which is largest in the middle, and tapers thence towards each end. The quickest flight may be obtained with this sort of arrow, as to it may be applied a lighter pile without bringing on either the fault of a chested arrow or the weak-waistedness of a bobtailed arrow.

If the tapering be of equal amount at each end of the arrow, the pressure will act and react in precisely the same manner as in the case of the cylindrical arrow, with the result that this arrow will fly straight in the direction in which it is aimed. The cylindrical and the barrelled shapes are therefore recommended as the best for target-shooting. And as the barrelled is necessarily stronger in the waist and less likely to flirt, even if a light arrow be used with a strong bow, this shape is perhaps better than the cylindrical.

bobtail       chested       barrelled       straight

FIG. 11. a, different balancing points of thin arrows.

The feathering of the arrow is about the most delicate part of the fletcher's craft, and it requires the utmost care and experience to effect it thoroughly well. It seems difficult now to realise why the feathering of the arrow came to have grown to the size in use during Mr. Ford's time, when the feather occupied the whole distance between the archer's fingers and the place on the bow where the arrow lies when it is nocked previous to shooting—i.e. the length of the feather was upwards of five inches. Mr. H. Elliott was the first archer who, about fifteen years ago, reduced the dimensions of the feathers of his arrows by cutting off the three inches of each feather furthest from the nock. He found this reduction enabled the arrow to fly further. Others soon followed his example, and in the course of about twelve months all the arrow-makers had supplied their customers with arrows of the new pattern, which, however, cannot be called a new pattern, as Oriental arrows, and many flight-arrows, were much less heavily feathered. The long feathering is now scarcely ever seen, except occasionally when it is erroneously used to diminish the difficulty of shooting at sixty yards. Mr. Ford recommended rather full-sized feathers 'as giving a steadiness to the flight.' With the reduced feathers arrows fly as steadily, and certainly more keenly towards the mark. A fair amount of rib should be left on the feather, for if the rib be pared too fine the lasting quality of the feather will be diminished. The three feathers of an arrow should be from the same wing, right or left; and as none but a raw beginner will find any difficulty in nocking his arrow the right way—i.e. with what is known as the cock feather upwards, or at right angles to the line of the nock—without having this cock feather of a different colour, it is advisable to have the three feathers all alike. Perhaps the brown feathers of the peacock's wing are the best of all, but the black turkey-feathers are also highly satisfactory. The white turkey-feathers are also equally good, but had better be avoided, as they too readily get soiled, and are not to be easily distinguished from white goose-feathers. These last, as well as those of the grey goose, though highly thought of by our forefathers, are now in no repute, and it is probable that our ancestors, if they had had the same plentiful supply of peafowls and turkeys as ourselves, would have had less respect for the wings of geese. The reason why the three feathers must be from the same wing is that every feather is outwardly convex and inwardly concave. When the feathers are correctly applied, all three alike, this their peculiarity of form rifles the arrow or causes it to rotate on its own axis. This may be tested by shooting an arrow through a pane of glass, when it will be found that the scraping against the arrow of the sharp edges of the fracture passes along the arrow spirally. Some years ago a very unnecessary patent was taken out for rifling an arrow by putting on the feathers spirally, over-doing what was already sufficient. As regards the position of the feather, it should be brought as near as possible to the nock. Some consider an inch in length of feather quite sufficient. It is certain that any length between two inches and one inch will do; so each individual may please himself and suit the length of the feathering to the length and weight of his arrows. The two shapes in use are the triangular and the parabolic or balloon-shaped. Of these both are good—the former having the advantage of carrying the steerage further back, whilst the latter is a trifle stiffer.

FIG. 12.                     FIG. 13.

The feathers are preserved from damp by a coat of oil paint laid on between them and for one-eighth of an inch above and below them. This should afterwards be varnished, and the rib of the feather should be carefully covered, but care must be taken to avoid injuring the suppleness of the feather with the varnish. Feathers laid down or ruffled by wet may be restored by spinning the arrow before a warm fire carefully.

FIG. 14.

The pile, or point, is an important part of the arrow. Of the different shapes that have been used, the best for target-shooting—now almost the only survivor—is the square-shouldered parallel pile. Its greatest advantage is, that if the arrow be overdrawn so that the pile be brought on to the bow, the aim will not be injured, as must be the case with all conical piles so drawn. (Very light flight-arrows, for which the piles provided for ladies are considered too heavy, must still be furnished with the conical piles used for children's arrows.) This parallel pile is mostly made in two pieces—a pointed cone for its point, which is soldered on to the cylindrical part, which itself is made of a flat piece of metal soldered into this form. This same-shaped pile has occasionally been made turned out of solid metal; but this pile is liable to be so heavy as to be unsuitable for any but the heaviest arrows, and the fletchers aver that it is difficult to fix it on firmly owing to the grease used in its manufacture. Great care should be taken, in the manufacture of arrows, that the footing exactly fits the pile, so as to fill entirely the inside of it; unless the footing of the arrow reach the bottom of the pile, the pile will either crumple up or be driven down the stele when the pile comes in contact with a hard substance. It is, of course, fixed on with glue; and to prevent its coming off from damp, a blow, or the adhesiveness of stiff clay, it is well to indent it on each side with a sharp hard-pointed punch fitted for the purpose with a groove, in which the arrow is placed whilst the necessary pressure is applied. This instrument may be procured of Hill & Son, cutlers, 4 Haymarket.

The nock should be strong, and very carefully finished, so that no injury may be done by the string or to the string. Of course the nock must be of the same size in section as the stele of the arrow; and this furnishes an additional argument against the bobtailed arrow, which is smallest at this end. The notch or groove in which the string acts should be about one-eighth of an inch wide and about three-sixteenths of an inch deep. The bottom of this notch will be much improved by the application of a round file of the right gauge, i.e. quite a trifle more than the eighth of an inch in diameter; but great care must be taken to apply this uniformly, and the nock must not be unduly weakened. This application will enable the archer to put thicker, and therefore safer, lapping to the nocking-place of the string, and the danger of the string being loose in the nock will be lessened. It is possible that this additional grooving of the nock may to a very trifling extent impede the escape of the arrow from the string. Mr. Ford recommended the application of a copper rivet through the nock near to the bottom of the notch to provide against the danger of splitting the nock. But it is so doubtful whether any rivet fine enough for safe application would be strong enough to guard against this danger, that the better plan will be to avoid the different sorts of carelessness that lead towards this accident.

As regards the length of the arrow no arbitrary rule can be laid down. The arrow most generally in use is twenty-eight inches in length from the point of the pile to the bottom of the groove of the nock. This arrow may be easily drawn up by any man of average height—the twenty-seven inches, or the clothyard length of the old English archer, leaving the inch of pile undrawn. A taller man may venture to draw the pile. An arrow of twenty-nine inches may be adopted by those who have very long arms or are unusually tall. Those who are short of stature or short in limb may adopt the shorter arrow of twenty-seven inches. Shorter arrows than this will be found to fly unsteadily, and the longer arrows, if thoroughly drawn up, are very trying to the bows. The shorter arrows of twenty-seven inches in length have been in much more frequent use since about 1862, when the late T. L. Coulson adopted them, and advocated that it was better to draw up a shorter arrow than to leave a longer one undrawn. The fault of drawing not far enough is so much more frequent than that of overdrawing, that archers are strongly recommended to avoid shortening their arrow unadvisedly, and rather to draw the longer ones as far as they reasonably can. The fault of overdrawing is so dangerous to the archer, his tackle, and others, that, though an unfrequent fault, a caution against it must not be omitted. Whatever be the length of the arrow, it should always be drawn up to exactly the same point.

The weight of the arrow must to a certain extent be regulated by its length and by the strength of the bow with which it is to be used; for if an arrow be a long one it must have bulk sufficient to ensure its stiffness, and stiffness also in proportion to the strength of the bow. 4s. for the lowest, and 5s. 6d. for the highest weight, are the two extremes within which every length of arrow and strength of bow may be properly fitted, so far as gentlemen are concerned. For ladies, 2s. 6d. and 3s. 6d. should be about the limits. It should be borne in mind that light arrows, unless dictated by physical weakness, are a mistake in target-shooting. For flight-shooting very light-chested arrows may be procured stiff enough for any strength of bow; but in this style of shooting distance to be covered is of more importance than accuracy of aim. It would be much better if the arrow-makers, instead of selling their arrows in sets, progressing by three silver pennyweights, would sell them also weighed to the intermediate pennyweights. As the matter stands now, supposing the archer's favourite weight to be 4s. 9d., he may have at one time a set weighing rather less than 4s. 8d., and at another time rather more than 4s. 10d. As all the intermediate weights of arrows are manufactured, there can be no sufficient reason why the lighter set should not be marked and sold as 4s. 8d., and the heavier as 4s. 10d. A careful archer should attend also to the balance of his arrows. By this is meant that the same centre of gravity should pervade the whole set. Longer or shorter, lighter or heavier footing will vary this balancing-point, as also any variation in the weight of the piles.

As the variation of elevation, or distance to be shot, should not be managed by a change of weight in arrows, it is decidedly advisable to keep arrows all of the same weight, &c. Indeed it is a great mistake to change any part of the tackle, bow or arrow, during the shooting, except in unavoidable cases. The scoring will seldom be bettered by such means.

Formerly only two arrows were shot at each end, and three were carried, and called an 'archer's pair,' including the spare one. Now it is the almost universal custom to shoot three arrows at each end. Some spare ones should, of course, be at hand in case of accidents. It must be remembered that if the slightest variation in shape or weight occurs amongst those in use, the line or elevation is sure to be affected, to the serious detriment of accurate hitting; therefore too much care cannot be taken in their choice.

Whether it be for store or for daily use, the arrow should be kept in a quiver or case made on such a plan that each shall have its separate cell, and they should be kept upright when possible, and so be insured from warping, or from having their feathers crushed. It is too much the custom to squeeze a quantity of arrows into a small quiver. Let not any archer who values his tackle be guilty of this folly. An arrow that has had one of its feathers crumpled from this cause will, maybe, wobble and stagger all the rest of its life, though in all other respects it be in perfect repair. Arrows will be found to wear out quite speedily enough without being subjected to ill-usage or neglect to hurry them through their short lives.

It appears to be well authenticated that if a light-chested flight-arrow be feathered at each end, with the feathers trimmed lower at the nock than at the pile end, when shot against the wind it will return back again like a boomerang. And if the same-shaped arrow be feathered in the middle only, it will in its flight make a right angle, and no power of bow can send it any considerable distance.

Mr. R. Hely-Hutchinson, already mentioned as having made experiments in modern times with steel bows, had another peculiarity. On the back of his bow he had a flat piece of hard wood or metal fixed at right angles to the length of his bow. An upright piece of the same material was fitted into a groove in this, whose outside distance was about an inch from the place where the arrow usually touches the bow above the handle. He used always to shoot with his arrow resting, not on the bow, or on his hand, but in the outside angle between this projection and the upright piece of it. He aimed as other archers do, and has been seen to make excellent hitting at the distance of one hundred yards, even when far advanced in years. In this case the axis of the arrow, or the line of aim, was distant from the plane through the string and the axis of the bow an inch in addition to the usual half-width of the arrow and half-width of the bow. Yet the arrow appeared to fly quite steadily and truly. It is not known why he adopted this peculiarity, and it is unnecessary to inquire; but it will serve as a useful peg whereon to hang a further consideration of the difficulties an arrow has to contend with in getting straight to the point of aim, and its determined resolution to overcome these difficulties. In addition to the forces already discussed as acting upon the arrow, there is also the force of gravity, the resistance of the air, and the interference of the wind; but these forces affect in the same way all arrows, however shot. The same may be said of all the other forces implicated, until there is an artificially increased impediment interposed in addition to the natural one of the half-bow and half-arrow. Now, supposing the distance of the nock from the centre of the bow be such when the arrow is drawn that a perpendicular let fall from the centre of the bow to the line of aim will mark off twenty-seven inches of draw, the resolution of the force acting in the line from the nock to the centre of the bow will be correctly represented by twenty-seven in the direction of the point of aim and three-eighths at right angles to that direction; or the relation between the straight part of the whole force and its remainder will be as 216 to 5.

But when Mr. Hutchinson's peculiar method of shooting is compared with this natural way, it will appear that the relation between these same resolved forces will be as 216 to 13; showing that the obstruction in this latter case has been considerably more than doubled—the keenness of flight will be diminished, and increased friction will be shown between the arrow and its resting-place at the instant of the loose.

Besides the spin given to the string at the loose, there is also a push, at right angles to the direction delivered, by the more or less unavoidable obstruction of the fingers as they liberate the string; but this push, occurring before the liberation of the string, is the final difficulty of the aim and loose.

Immediately the string is loosed the arrow has, as it were, the nocking-place between its teeth in the nock, and contributes to the direction of its course to the point of rest; and it is highly probable that the path of the nocking-place from the loose to rest is not confined to the plane of the string and axis of the bow.

Greater or diminished friction between the bow and arrow would be another way of representing greater or less obstruction to the aim of the arrow. As the arrow deepens the groove made by its passage over the bow the obstruction will be diminished, but the surface exposed to this friction will be increased.

If a bow could be so constructed that an arrow could be shot through it just above the handle, the opening must be large enough to admit free passage for the feathering as well, and the opening must be contrived so that the 'stele,' true to the point of aim throughout its passage through the bow, shall never swerve from the right side of the opening.

CHAPTER IV.

OF THE STRING, BRACER, AND SHOOTING-GLOVE

The best bowstrings are all of Belgian make, and cannot be considered of such good quality as they used to be twenty-five years ago. Then the best bowstrings were obtained from a maker at Liège, by name Meeles, the last of his race, who, with his wife, kept most jealously the secret of the manufacture, which had been transmitted through many generations in the one family, and they died childless without communicating it to anyone. Their residence was kept with the windows on the street side constantly barred up, so as to make sure that they could not be overlooked, and they depended entirely for the air and light necessary for their labour on the private garden at the back of the house.

In the choice of a string see that it has three, not two, strands; and care must be taken to avoid those that are too hard and stiff, as they are liable to be brittle and to break very soon. The next thing to be attended to is that the string is smooth and round throughout, and sufficiently increased in bulk at the ends where are the eye and loop. It cannot be doubted that a quicker cast may be obtained from a thin string than from a very thick one; but it will be better to choose strings strong enough in proportion to the strength of the bows to ensure their (i.e. the bows') safety rather than to pay too much regard to this quickness of cast. When the string is chosen its eye must be fitted into the groove of the lower horn of the bow. In order to make the loop at the other end the string must now be applied to the back of the unbent bow, and the first rounded turn of the loop must be made at about three inches from the groove of the upper horn, or two and a half inches in the case of a lady's bow. At about the distance of one inch and a quarter beyond—and one inch in the case of a lady's string—the crown of this rounded turn the string must be sharply bent back, and this sharp bend applied round the string on the other side of the rounded turn. Slip the sharp turn a little further down the string towards the eye, and twist the remaining reversed end of the string three times round the looped part of the string, beginning inwards. The sharp turn must then be pushed back into the first bent position. The eye must now be passed over the upper horn, and passed far enough down the bow to allow the loop to be passed over the lower horn and into its groove, and the loop should be so applied into this groove that the waste end of string shall lie between the sharp turn and the horn (see fig. 16). If the waste end of the string be then knotted firmly, and the remainder cut off, the loop will be finished, and, if successfully managed, will never shift or stretch when it has once reached its bearings. The virtue in this loop is that it is quite fast and tight when in use, and yet it can be very readily slipped off and opened for readjustment on the same bow, or for application to another bow of different length. By far the neatest finish to a bowstring is the addition of a second eye instead of the loop, and this is now very readily done by the bowmakers for their customers at a small additional charge; but every handy archer should learn how to make this second eye for himself. The following method is recommended. When the loop has been correctly adjusted, so that the string, when the bow is braced, is at a suitable distance from the bow (i.e. six inches or so for a man's bow, or five and a half inches for a lady's bow) mark with ink the crown of the rounded turn before mentioned (i.e. the point of the string, not of the waste twisted round the string in the loop nearest to the upper horn). Now unbrace the bow and take off the string. Undo the loop and straighten out the string (see fig. 15). At the distance of one inch and a quarter (one inch is sufficient for a lady's string) from the ink-mark, and on each side of it, tie tight round the string a small piece of fine waxed thread; cut off the waste end of the string at the knot made in finishing the loop. Keep the part of the string between the two ties well wound up during the whole of the succeeding stages of the manufacture of this part into an eye so as to correct the necessary unwindings. Unwind up to C, fig. 17, completely separate, and straighten out the three strands (1), (2), (3), fig. 17, of the remaining portion of the waste end of the string up to its tie at C. Pass a small marlinespike or stiletto between each of the three strands of the string, just beyond the other tie at B, and as close to it as possible. Flatten out the three unwound strands of the waste end fingerwise (fig. 17). Bend (keeping it wound up) the part of the string between the two ties B and C, so as to bring these two ties exactly together, with the separated strands (1), (2), (3) lying across the string at right angles to its worm (see fig. 18). Now insert the middle strand (1), fig. 19 (taking care to cross the worm of the string), with the help of the marlinespike under that strand of the string across which it lay in fig. 18.

FIG. 15.      FIG. 16.                FIG. 17.

FIG. 18.

FIG. 19.                                 FIG. 20.

Give the commenced eye a quarter turn to the left (see fig. 20), so that it is seen edgewise, tie C being now out of sight.

Strand (2) now lies across the strand of the string under which strand (1) has just been passed, and the next strand of the string. Insert it (2) under this latter strand, and give the eye another quarter turn, showing strand (2) inserted (see fig. 21).

FIG. 21.

Strand (3) as shown in fig. 21 must now be bent to the left across the central upright strand of the string, and passed under that strand and brought out and back towards the right again (see fig. 22).

FIG. 22.

The loop will now be an eye, as soon as the two ties B and C have been brought close together again, and the three strands, loosened by constant manipulation, have been carefully waxed and wound up again.

From this point there are two methods of proceeding: the one, which will complete the eye so as to resemble the manufactured eye, by winding each waste strand round and round its own corresponding strand; and for this method the waste strands should now be tapered before they are wound in. By the other method each waste strand in turn should be passed over the next strand and under the next but one. The waste strands will again occupy alternate positions between the other strands. Wind up and wax the waste strands again carefully. Enough has now been done to secure the safety of the eye-splice; but it will be best to splice in once again each of the waste strands; then bind tightly over the waste for about half an inch down the string, and cut off the remaining waste strands.

In order to taper the waste strands, divide each into two equal parts, lengthwise, after the position shown in fig. 22 has been completed, and with a blunt knife fine down each of the two parts gradually till each tapers to nothing at the length of about two and a half inches from the string; now work in as much wax as possible, flattening each of the divided portions in so doing; readjust the divided portions, and wind them carefully together again. The waste ends may then be wound round and round the appropriate strands until they disappear; or the first method of splicing may be continued till they fade off and disappear, so that the finishing process of binding and cutting off the waste ends may be dispensed with. Don't bind the eye with string, leather, or any other material. If the string was originally sufficiently thicker at this part, its final failure is very unlikely to occur at either of the eyes, and there is a general belief that any unnecessary clothing of the eye interferes with the cast of the string. If the waste strands, untapered, be spliced in and in very frequently, the string will be somewhat shortened. A string that is too short—i.e. too far from the bow when braced—cannot be lengthened without altering the loop or remaking the eye, but a string that is slightly too long—i.e. not giving sufficient distance between the string and bow when braced—can be shortened by spinning it up tighter; but care must be taken not to attempt this operation with a hard-cemented, new string, as it will almost certainly prove fatal to the string, which will snap in two at the loose; and no string should be much spun up.

The next thing to be considered is the necessary clothing of the string, called its lapping. Without doubt the best lapping of all is a thin strip of whalebone, of the width of about one-eighth of an inch. This may be fastened on to the string at about two inches and a half from its (the string's) centre (this is calculated for the case of a bow whose centre or fulcrum is one inch below the top of the handle: if the centre be at the top of the handle, as in old Flemish bows, the lapping need not be so long, and if the centre be lower down than one inch, as in the Scotch make of bows, the lapping must be still longer) with very fine string, waxed thread, or silk, so that the whalebone lapping may be wrapped closely round the string in the reversed direction to the grain or worm of the string.

Let an arrow be now applied, resting on the top of the bow hand as if the hand holds the handle of the bow in shooting, and exactly at right angles to the braced string. This exact right angle must be carefully attended to, because, if the upper angle be an acute angle between the arrow and string, cast or force will be lost in the force of the cast being resolved, as shown previously in the case of an increased impediment, acting as an obstruction to the right line of force: the arrow will beat itself wastefully on the top of the hand in overcoming the unnecessary impediment; and, if this upper angle be an obtuse angle, the difference between the lower and upper portions of the string will be increased, to the manifest injury of the pre-arranged balance of the limbs of the bow. Mark carefully on the lapping the exact position of the centre of the nock of the arrow, and overlap with two or three strands of waxed filoselle very tightly for about one-third of an inch, with the mark under its centre. This is the nocking-place. The whalebone lapping must be carried down to the length of five inches in order to save the string from being frayed against the sleeve, armguard, &c.; and it will be found that this length of lapping will be sufficient for another nocking-place if the string, already provided with two eyes, be turned over. The occasional use of the second nocking-place will be found to lengthen the life of the string by changing the position of the wear and tear. A narrow strip of vellum used frequently to be used for lapping, and was applied in the same way as the whalebone. Long strips of the smooth hard covering of the rib of the peacock's tail-feathers were also in high favour as lapping at one time, but were found to be too frail. The lapping usually applied to the strings, as bought in the shops, is three strands, bound on together, of waxed twine, about the substance used for chemists' parcels, and the three strands are applied together, not so much in order to finish the lapping more quickly, as to safeguard the bow from breaking should the string snap. The dangerous recoil is then caught up by the triple strength of lapping twine well secured upon the string. This, of course, is supposing that the string has broken at or near the nocking-place. It is probable that every possible sort of twine has been at different times tried for lapping—from the softest floss silk to the most wiry fishing-guts, which actually help to cut the string when in use.

FIG. 23.

After all, the best lapping is that which will give a good loose, and at the same time will be lasting and be easily and quickly repaired should it fail during the shooting. Now all the lappings already mentioned are liable to get loose in use, and it takes time to refasten them. The following somewhat tedious process, the result of more than twenty years of experience, is recommended. Take a naked string with two eyes, and make a pencil-mark on it for the exact central position of each of the two nocking-places. Wax the string well. Wrap two strands nine inches long of waxed (yellow) filoselle tightly upon the string at each nocking-place for the third of an inch, with the pencil-mark under the centre of this third. Fasten off so that the waste ends shall come out close to these centres. Do not cut off the waste ends. Now take three strands of waxed filoselle of another colour (red), and in length from one yard to four feet. Wrap this tightly round the string, commencing from one and a quarter inch above the one nocking-place, and ending at the same distance below the other. Apply this wrapping the contrary way to the worm of the string, and let the waste ends of the previous wrapping (it does not signify which way this is applied) pass out between the wraps as they occur. Now take other three strands of (green) waxed filoselle, of the same length, and wrap them tightly on over all the last wrapping of red; but this time wrap the same way as the worm of the string. Again let the first ends of the yellow wrapping pass out. The principal wrapping is now complete, and the waste ends of (yellow) filoselle are ready in place to complete the necessary thickening for the nocking-places. This lapping is very firm and lasting. It cannot get loose in use, and it is in every part capable of almost instantaneous repair, and the archer has no need to carry about him any other materials than a few pieces of filoselle, some wax, and a knife.

The most convenient position for lapping a string is assumed by passing the left leg through between the braced bow and its string and sitting down with the string uppermost and the bow stave under the thigh. This description of the operation of lapping will be incomplete without instructions for fastening off, for the benefit of beginners.

FIG. 24.

In the commencement of lapping the end is passed under, and the wrapping is tightly bound over it five or six times, till it is considered sufficiently secure. To finish off, the same operation is reversed, thus: arrest the lapping by passing the filoselle, or whatever the material in use may be, over the thumb of the left hand, interposed between the lapping-material and the string. Wrap the lapping material upon the string the reverse way to that in which it has been previously wrapped about five or six times (see fig. 22). Keep the material a b tight-drawn with the left thumb whilst this is being done. Now draw the end c (fig. 24) close to the string, and along its length, so that it may lie close between part a and the string. Now take the piece a b from off the left thumb, and draw the part a up to the lapping already applied. Bind part a on to the string. This binding will unwind the part b. Continue this till all b is unwound from the string and wound on again. Now hold tight the remainder unwound of a b with the left hand. Draw it through under the lapping with the right hand; but the surplus portion of a b to be drawn through must be kept tight to the last by the insertion of the left little finger to prevent kinking and cockling, which would spoil the finish. With the same object in view, keep the waste part a b as short as possible. Filoselle, being a loosely wound material, easily passes through this finish, but the kinking of some of the other tight-wound materials renders this finish troublesome if it have to be drawn under many wraps.

THE BRACER OR ARMGUARD.

The object of the armguard or bracer is to protect the left arm and wrist from the blow of the string in the event of this striking upon it when loosed. The expression 'in the event of' is especially meant to imply that in most cases no need exists for the string's striking the arm at all; but if the bow be low-strung—or follow the string, as it is called—it is impossible to avoid an occasional smart blow in the neighbourhood of the left wrist, and this must be guarded against. For this purpose a short armguard, covering the wrist and that half of the forearm, will be all-sufficient. As regards the blow of the string upon this limited sort of armguard, it may be observed that it cannot injuriously affect the flight of the arrow, as it occurs most probably after the arrow has left the string. This protection for the wrist should extend up the arm, but very little beyond the point where the bowstring would touch the arm when the properly-braced bow is extended at arm's length. For this armguard a piece of thin leather, laced closely at the back of the forearm, answers very well. Should this be too thin to save the arm from the blow of the string, let a piece of stiff card be slipped between the sleeve and the wrist. The sleeve about the wrist should be made to fit as closely as possible, and all other materials—cuffs, shirt-sleeves, &c.—discarded, or rolled up above the elbow. Care must also be taken to avoid all wrinkles and folds in the sleeve between the guard and the elbow. This can be best managed by having the sleeve no atom too long, and drawing it as far down the hand as possible whilst the guard is being fixed. It is unfortunate that the seam along the inside of almost every sleeve occurs just where it helps to manufacture folds and projections ready to act as impediments to the passage of the string. Some archers use stout elastic webbing, and others wrap round the wrist strong braid, &c. The main object of all these guards is to avoid the blow of the string until the string shall have advanced so far in its course to rest as to be unable to interfere with the direction of a properly aimed arrow. Some archers, shooting with the bow in the left hand, aim with the left (not with the right) eye, and this peculiarity makes it rather more difficult to avoid hitting the forearm at some point between the elbow and the short guard. With others, when the left arm, holding the bow, is extended straight out, and stiffened at the elbow, it will be found to bend inwards—knock-kneed, as it were. In such cases it would probably be better to widen the handle of the bow, so as to remove the inner outline of the arm farther from the plane in which the string acts, than to increase the certainty of an aim-disturbing blow by adding the thickness of an armguard to the already existing impediment; or—but this is only mentioned as an alternative, not recommended for general adoption—the arm may be slightly bent outwards at the elbow. Some try to avoid this unnecessary hitting of the arm by keeping their bows very high-strung; but this should be avoided, as it is very trying to both the bow and the string, and it is generally believed that by keeping a bow high-strung some of its cast is lost.

The old-fashioned bracer, of which there are still many modern representatives—although Mr. Ford, in his book, successfully demolished the 'armguard-hitting theory,' which was upheld by most previous writers on the subject—was, and is, certainly admirably calculated to be hit as much as possible, being often made of very thick leather, and lined and padded as well. If something of this sort, failing other expedients to avoid hurting the arm, must be used, let it be as thin and close-fitting as possible, and in particular close-fitting for the four inches or so next to the wrist, where the reckless old armguards used to project as much as half an inch, ready to welcome the blow of the string several inches sooner than need be. And, to avoid the worst blow of all—that delivered upon the top of the armguard where it is shaped to the bend of the elbow—let the upper strap be carried round above the elbow so that it draws the front of the guard tight as the arm is straightened. In spite of all that has been said above, it cannot be denied that, such is the persistent determination of arrows well aimed and well loosed to reach the target, they will certainly very often succeed, notwithstanding frequent interruptions from an armguard in addition to the natural difficulties. Too much care cannot be taken to see that when fastened no edge or corner of the armguard protrudes that can by possibility obstruct the free passage of the string. In spite of good old Ascham's statement that 'the string, gliding quickly and sharply off it' [the bracer], 'may make a sharper shoot' (he also advised that the bow be high-strung, so that this hitting may be avoided), the guard should be made of moderately soft and yielding but perfectly smooth leather, and not of any hard material. The silver armguard, which may be fitting enough as a trophy for the Field Captain of the Royal Toxophilite Society, would be about as much out of place during the shooting of the York Round as the ancient Scorton arrow would be amongst the shafts in use during one of the annual Yorkshire meetings.

THE SHOOTING-GLOVE, AND OTHER PROTECTIONS FOR THE FINGERS.

The old-fashioned archer's glove—still in use in Scotland, and perhaps occasionally elsewhere—resembles a boxing-glove, being made of thick buckskin, and calculated to protect the hand from some of the accidents of war. It was provided with a pocket for extra strings, wax, and other necessaries on its back; and no doubt owned a companion glove for the bow hand, also calculated to protect it from injury. This glove has pieces of hard leather sewn on to the ends of the fingers as a further protection against the string; and leather straps, passing round the roots of the fingers and along the back of the hand, are tied tightly round the wrist to prevent the finger-guards from being dragged forward out of place at the loose.

FIG. 25.

The protection for the fingers, which is probably best known to beginners and old-fashioned archers, consists of three conical tips or thimbles of leather, each sewn up at the back of the finger, and attached—also at the back—to long strips of leather, connected at the back of the hand so as to form one piece, which is fixed upon a strap which passes round the wrist and is fastened securely by a buckle (fig. 25). There is nothing to be said against this description of shooting-glove if a thimble can be got to fit each of the fingers accurately; but, as it can seldom happen that in a ready-made article a perfect fit can be found, this form of finger-guard has become unfashionable, and has gone out of favour. It was probably never made with the thimbles of the right sort of leather (horse-butt), as the softer and more pliable sorts of leather would be more suitable to fit all comers. It effectually obviates one of the difficulties which occurs to most beginners—that of recovering their tips when they have been scattered all over the shooting-lawn.

FIG. 26.

The 'tab' (see fig. 26) is probably one of the most ancient of finger-guards, and it has so many merits that it can never be altogether discarded. Any archer may quickly manufacture it out of almost any sort of leather, and it is very readily altered or replaced, and it is no impediment to the free use of the fingers for other purposes than loosing an arrow. The whole of the first finger of the right hand is passed right through the opening A from the side not seen, and the tip of the finger is placed on a. The third finger is similarly passed through B, and its tip lies on [Greek: b]. The middle finger is now placed on b. It will be found that the 'tab' is now securely fastened for use, the string being applied to the side not seen. The tab can be readily turned down into the palm of the hand whilst the arrow is applied to the string. The tab is then replaced on the tips of the fingers and applied to the string, with the arrow at the bottom of the opening between the parts a and b. The one drawback to this description of finger-guard is that the arrow comes into actual contact with the sides of the first and second fingers, and beginners are specially perplexed with the difficulty of keeping the arrow applied to the proper place on the side of the bow during the operation of pulling up, owing to too tight a pinch between the fingers, given by the bent string. This same difficulty occurs also with other guards, but the results are not so painful, as the corner of the nail is protected by leather from the nock of the arrow. The tab is not, therefore, to be recommended for the use of beginners. Should any archers be tempted to use it when the first difficulties are overcome, it will be found that the insertion of a piece of cork or leather between the first and second fingers will overcome the trouble caused by this pinch. The tab, as before mentioned, may be made of one piece of leather; but it is better to have it made of two pieces sewn together, as shown in the sketch (see fig. 26), the part applied to the string being made of 'horse-butt,' which is a brittle sort of leather, the part through which the fingers are passed being made of some more supple leather.

Before the more elaborate and scientific finger-stall or guards come to be considered the remaining simple and old-fashioned ones must be completed.

Next in order comes an ordinary glove, which has lately come prominently to the front, because the constant use of a good thick dogskin glove has enabled the Champion of 1884 to keep his place in 1885 and 1886. To this may be applied the dogmatic words of Mr. Ford (slightly altered) with reference to the tab: 'This does not, however, alter my opinion as to its being decidedly an inferior method, as who shall say how much more [he] might have excelled had [he] adopted a different and [less] rational one?'

A well-fitting glove may be improved by sewing small pieces of pigskin or other smooth sound leather over the tips of the fingers (see fig. 27).

FIG. 27.

Constant practice on the harp has been known to enable a lady to dispense with any artificial protection, and to make three golds at one end at one of the Leamington meetings.

Another method of preparing the fingers for naked application to the bowstring is to use them industriously as pipe-stoppers; but as some archers do not smoke, and it might not be easy for a non-smoker to get employment as a pipe-stopper to others who do, a more convenient way of hardening the fingers would be by dropping on hot sealing-wax, and then dipping the finger into salt.

It is undeniable that permanently successful shooting depends mostly upon an even, certain, and unvarying loose, and such a loose can only be attained by the help of the most suitable glove, tips, tab, or other protection for the fingers. The archer must have the perfect command of the string, and of the exact 'how' and 'when' it shall be allowed to quit the fingers. If the glove &c. be too loose or too tight, this necessary command is lost. In the first case, the feeling of insecurity gives a hesitating uncertainty to the loose; and in the second, the power of the fingers is so cramped that a sensation of distortion cripples their best efforts. Further, too thick a glove &c. interferes with the proper 'feel' of the string; whilst one that is too thin, by hurting the fingers, causes them to flinch from the proper degree of crisp sharpness requisite for a perfect loose. Still further, with too hard a substance—metal, for instance: finger-tips have been occasionally made of silver—the string cannot be with certainty retained till the proper instant of loosing, whilst with leather that is too soft and sodden, the string cannot be quitted without a jerk that staggers the bow-arm.

It will be seen, therefore, that positive rules cannot be laid down as to either the size, make, shape, or material of the finger-guards; as each individual must be suited according to the peculiar nature of his own fingers, be they callous or tender, strong or weak, clumsy or dexterous.

In 1859 it may have been good advice to archers to manufacture their own finger-guards, though Mr. Ford candidly confessed 'that the endeavours of ten years have hardly succeeded in producing finger-stalls perfectly to my satisfaction.' It may be safely asserted, however, that it is better to use the thinner leather (provided it be thick enough to protect the fingers from pain), and the stalls must be constructed so as to confine the hand and cramp the knuckles as little as possible.

The 'Mason' finger-stall, described by Mr. Ford, consisted of a piece of leather partly surrounding the tip of the finger, and connected over the nail with vulcanised india-rubber, and kept in place by a ring, also of india-rubber, or preferably of silver, passing over both joints of the finger, and connected inside the hand with the stall by means of a thin tongue of india-rubber about an inch or an inch and a half long; a guard or stop is placed upon each stall, about half an inch from the top, by which (stop) the line of the fingers and position of the string is regulated, &c. A very similar finger-guard, produced by Mr. Buchanan of 215 Piccadilly, was made, closed at the finger-end, so as to protect the top of the finger from possible injury.

In these finger-guards the stop or catch of leather on the inside of the finger first makes its public appearance, but the contrivance in its entirety has completely gone out of favour—probably owing to the untrustworthiness of india-rubber, even though it be vulcanised. The connecting ring removed the objection to these separate tips that, unless they were glued on or too tight (both undesirable), they were sadly liable to slip off at the loose. Also the connecting tongue of india-rubber might enable the lower part of the finger to contribute some trifle of support to the tip of the finger at its fullest strain, and certainly it would assist to catch the finger-tip back from the sprawled position (much objected to by some instructors in this craft) sometimes assumed after a dead loose.

FIG. 28.

Mr. James Spedding and Mr. H. C. Mules, about the same time that Mr. H. A. Ford and others were making experiments in the construction of their own finger-tips, contrived a little brass nutted screw-bolt for securing the finger-tips safely upon the fingers without the uncertain action of india-rubber, or in any way cramping the action of the finger-joints. This little contrivance is three-quarters of an inch long. The nut A is fixed, but the nut B can be moved to any position on the screw-bolt.

FIG. 29.

This contrivance is passed through the holes at a and b (see fig. 29) of a finger-tip shaped thus. Of course the end of the screw-bolt over which the nut B is passed after the screw-bolt has been passed through a and b must be clinched afterwards to prevent nut B coming off again. The lacing together of the six corresponding holes on each side of the guard at the back of the finger over the nail can be tight or loose, according to taste; but it should be laced with fine strong cord, not elastic, as generally supplied by the makers. The brass bolt passes over the top joint of the finger when the guard is put on the finger, and may then be tightened so as to keep the guard in its place and to prevent it escaping at the loose. Leather catches may easily be added of any shape or in any position that is preferred.

FIG. 30.

FIG. 31.

The elementary tip, that anybody may cut out of a piece of pigskin (fig. 30), further sophisticated, became the tip registered by Messrs. Aldred in 1868 (fig. 31) as the 'Paragon,' with the Mules-Spedding contrivance added, and also a catch, and a strap over the nail, for keeping it in position.

FIG. 32.

The parrot-beak (fig. 32) is a further development of the Mules-Spedding tip, with the brass bolt omitted. This is not an improvement, as the sewing, if it suddenly failed, could not be readily replaced.

Mr. J. Spedding had a further contrivance which brought the little finger in to the assistance of the third finger. This was managed by securing a loop to the guard for the third finger. This loop was passed over the little finger, which was tightly curled up towards the palm of the hand, thus supporting the third during the strain of the aim. The little finger was, of course, uncurled at the instant of loose.

Soon after 1859 Mr. H. A. Ford began to lose the almost perfect command which he had, during about ten years, possessed over the bow. Whether this failure arose from the use of bows that were too strong, causing actual physical injury to some of the muscles engaged in the action of pulling up or loosing; or whether it arose from shooting too much; or whether it arose from loss of nerve and confidence, through over-anxiety to excel, and keep in front of all the opponents who, profiting by his instruction, began to tread close upon his heels, will never be known; but certain it is that before he reappeared as Champion at Brighton in 1867, with his fourth best Grand National score of 1,037 (his better scores being, 1,251 at Cheltenham in 1857, 1,076 at Exeter in 1858, and 1,074 at Shrewsbury in 1854), he had taken to weak bows and light arrows, and had tried several different combinations of fingers for loosing. Thus he contrived a finger-tip for the little finger, to the back of which he attached the third finger, so that these two might combine to do the work of one finger. This did not prove successful; but he was satisfied with his final experiment, which consisted of a tip for the first finger, on to the back of which his second finger was also applied; and he has been heard to declare his belief that if he could have tried this loose in his best days he might have improved upon his best scores.

Occasionally the second and third fingers are furnished with a double-cell tip for the parallel action of these two fingers; but as contrivances of this sort are but the playthings of broken-down archers—of whom, alas, there are too many—they are not mentioned with any view of recommending them until, after patient trial, the other simpler finger-guards have failed.

A piece of strong quill is sometimes sewn upon the inside of the tip with the leather catch so as to prevent the string from getting embedded in the leather, and to quicken the loose; but its interference with the 'feel' of the string argues against its employment.

It is even doubtful whether anything but the most cautious use of the leather catch to the finger-tip may not be most dangerous. Many of the best shots do not use it; and though no doubt the certainty of the one best position for the string on the fingers, when the archer is at his best, will produce most excellent results, yet, the possibility that a permanent breakdown may be the result of the use of the same catch when the archer is out of condition or practice, or perhaps tired, should make every archer careful to avoid the loss of liberty of hold that may be found advisable under varying circumstances.

CHAPTER V.

OF THE GREASE-BOX, TASSEL, BELT, ETC

THE GREASE BOX.

The grease-box was, no doubt, an important part of an archer's equipment when prepared for battle, as he had to be out in all weathers, and the grease it contained could alone help him to avoid the ill consequences of moisture about his shooting-glove. The modern archer is seldom called upon to shoot more than, possibly, one end in a sudden shower; and many now never carry a grease-box at all. Yet there is no objection to its use. It should contain vaseline, which may be occasionally applied to the finger-guards, and to the lapping where in contact with the fingers; also, the arrows about the footing may be greased to prevent the paint from the target-faces adhering to them.

THE TASSEL.

He must be a good archer indeed who can dispense with this necessary addition to his equipment. The tassel is usually made of green worsted, and its primary use is to remove any dirt that may adhere to the arrow when it is drawn from the ground, but the head of it may be used for carrying a few pins, and concealed within the outer fringe may be kept a small piece of oiled flannel, to be applied to the arrow occasionally, so as to prevent the paint from sticking on to the shaft. The tassel should be of moderate dimensions—in fact, the smaller the better, provided it be big enough for use. It is usually hung on to a button of a gentleman's coat, but ladies usually wear it attached to their girdles.

THE BELT, QUIVER, ETC.

In former days a leather belt was considered absolutely necessary, and some have been known to consider themselves more fully dressed for an archery contest with the green baize bag for the bow surrounding the waist. It was certainly useful, and kept together the various things then in use, namely, the glove, the quiver, the tassel, the grease-box, the tablets for scoring, the pricker for the same purpose, the armguard, &c. A well-appointed archer of the present day devotes a coat specially for the purposes of archery, and this is fitted with a long leather-lined pocket let into the back of the coat, to the left of the left back-button. This pocket holds his arrows, and becomes his quiver. The tassel is attached to a front button. Any suitable note-book with a pencil goes into a pocket, taking the place of the tablet and pricker. As a belt is not the most convenient receptacle for the rest of his equipment, no belt is carried. As ladies are not yet so well provided with pockets as gentlemen, they still find it almost absolutely necessary to carry a belt for their various requisites, and some will even voluntarily (or perhaps involuntarily, in the case of the Championess of the West) handicap themselves by carrying the whole apparatus in solid silver.

THE SCORING APPARATUS.

FIG. 33. Mr. Ford shot another dozen arrows at 60 yards, scoring 80, and shows his score in the St. George's Hound to be 654 from 104 hits.

Any ordinary note-book fitted with a pencil is by far the best thing for keeping the correct record of an archer's score. Very convenient scoring-books are to be bought at the archery shops, and these contain usually the forms for York Rounds for gentlemen, and National Rounds for ladies, to be filled up with plain figures entered in the right places as the scores are made. The objection to these books is that the rounds shot are not invariably York and National rounds. That the ingenious may be saved the trouble of re-inventing the best scoring-apparatus of past times it is here described. A card 3-1/2 inches by 2-1/2 inches was slipped into a silver frame, which was much like the contrivance used for direction cards for luggage in travelling. Between the card and the back of the silver frame was a leather pad of the same size as the card. A pricker was used to record the score on the card, and the leather pad protected the point of the pricker from the silver back. The card had engraved upon it the form of the round usually shot. The form for a York Round is here given. The figures on the left-hand side indicate the twelve double ends of six arrows each—72 arrows shot at 100 yards; the middle figures indicate the eight double ends of six arrows each—48 arrows at 80 yards; and the figures on the right-hand side indicate the four double ends at 60 yards—24 arrows. This form is now filled up with the best York Round that Mr. H. A. Ford ever made, as recorded by himself, and here given in facsimile. It is believed that the wonderful score here recorded of 809, from 137 hits, in the York Round, was made at Cheltenham about September 4, 1855; but, through an unaccountable want of courtesy on the part of the Ford family, the accurate date of this score cannot be given as a fact. It is not entered in the way invented by the Rev. J. Bramhall, which indicates not only the hits made, but also the order in which the arrows were shot. Thus (see p. 69) say the first arrow, shot at 100 yards, hit the red; the second was a gold, and the third a miss; the fourth arrow was a red; the fifth was a black, and the sixth a gold. Each set of vertical spaces for whites, blacks, blues, reds, and golds is allotted to a double end of six arrows. The result of the first arrow is marked on the left-hand side at the top, the second on the left-hand side in the middle, and the third on the left-hand side at the bottom. The same is done with the next three arrows on the right-hand side. Of course, when an arrow misses the target, no mark is made, and the order of the misses is shown by the hits.

A translation into the modern method of Mr. Ford's best score is here given.

100 Yards

Hits

Score

97

973

971

731

=

11

63

753

755

711

973

=

12

60

753

75

973

53

=

10

54

75

751

953

97

=

10

58

731

73

977

775

=

11

63

551

553

733

531

=

12

46

—

—

Hits

Score

80 Yards

66

344

Totals

977

97

955

973

=

11

77

953

993

975

975

=

12

80

975

973

755

755

=

12

74

951

775

953

955

=

12

70

60 Yards

—

—

47

301

Totals

995

997

995

775

=

12

90

977

753

775

773

=

12

74

—

—

24

164

Totals

—–

—–

Grand totals

137

809

The incurable fault of this method of scoring by prick-marks is that it is impossible to correct a mistake or to verify the accuracy of scores as recorded. (Is there not the Hibernian story of the archer who, in perfect good faith, believed that he made seventy-three hits with seventy-two arrows at sixty yards?) So much that was unpleasant transpired after the Crystal Palace Meeting in 1871, that in 1872 the system of scoring at the public meetings by means of these prick-marks in the different colours was finally abandoned, and the scoring by the figures 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 introduced instead. This scoring by figures had then already been for some years in vogue amongst the West Kent archers, introduced by the hon. secretary, Mr. R. B. Martin, and the members of the Royal Toxophilite Society had mostly, for many years previously, kept their private scores in plain figures.

In this method no attempt is ever made to record the order in which the hits at any end fall; neither is it considered advisable to do so, though it would be equally easy to enter the figures in the same order, when known, as the hits are made; but this is a matter of no importance.

THE REGISTER.

Every archer is most strongly recommended to keep a careful and accurate record of all the shooting he does, not only by entering in a scoring-book every arrow shot during the day (which will act as a check to irregular and careless practice), but also by keeping a register, or book of record, in which the results of each day's shooting should be entered. Those who have not been in the habit of booking all their successes and shortcomings have no idea of the great interest with which this record invests the most solitary practice, and how conducive it is to its steady and persevering continuance. It begets a great desire to improve: for no man likes to have evidence before his eyes of his pains and exertions being of no avail, and of himself at a standstill in any pursuit he takes an interest in; it ensures a due carefulness in the shooting of every arrow, since without it the score will be bad, and therefore disagreeable to chronicle; it excites emulation, by enabling the average of one man's shooting to be compared with that of another, and restrains by its sternly demonstrating figures those flights of imagination occasionally indulged in by the owners of inaccurate memories as to feats performed and scores achieved. By taking note also in this register of the causes of failure at different times, a lessened chance will exist of their occurring again, as it will keep the same always in view, and the necessity of their avoidance prominently before the attention. In short, the archer will find the little trouble the keeping of it occasions him so abundantly repaid in a variety of ways, that when it is once commenced he will never afterwards be induced to abandon its use.

Whilst the subject of register is under consideration the beginner's attention should be called to the 'Archer's Register,' edited by Mr. J. Sharpe, which is issued annually, and gives a full account of all the public archery meetings of the previous year, and of the doings of all the principal societies in the kingdom.

THE 'ASCHAM.'

This term is applied to an upright narrow cupboard, contrived for the purpose of holding all the implements of archery. It is constructed so that the bows may stand or hang upright in the back part, and in the front each individual arrow may stand, also upright, and sufficiently apart from its neighbour to avoid the possibility of any injury to the feathers. In height this Ascham should be upwards of six feet, so that there may be sufficient room for the longest bows, and the bows should all, if standing, be on a bottom raised some few inches above the floor of the apartment, as an additional security against damp, which is a most fatal enemy to the bow. In damp situations, and particularly at the seaside, great care must be taken to keep out all moisture. Also, as far as possible, a tolerably even temperature should be maintained. The long box in which an archer keeps his stock of bows, arrows, &c., when travelling, is also called an Ascham.

THE TARGETS.

The backing of the target is made of thrashed or unthrashed straw (rye-straw is the best) firmly bound together whilst wet with strong tarred string, and in construction is somewhat similar to the make of beehive, only it is made flat. It is circular, and the front of this straw boss (as it is called), intended for the canvas facing, is worked up with a flat surface, so that the facing may lie upon it more evenly than it could upon the other side. The canvas facing must also be circular, and exactly four feet in diameter; of course the straw boss should also be as nearly as possible of the same size, but on no account less. The canvas facing is divided into a central circle of gold, surrounded by concentric rings of red, blue, black, and white, arranged in this order of colour from the centre outwards. The radius of the golden centre and the breadth of each of the surrounding rings should be the same, namely, one-fifth of four feet, i.e. four inches and four-fifths of an inch. Each hit in these colours is valued as follows: nine in the gold, seven in the red (formerly called scarlet), five in the blue (still occasionally known as inner white), three in the black, and one in the white. These figures, however, do not correctly represent the value of the rings according to their respective areas. The area of a circle is proportional to the square of its radius. Therefore the area of the circle containing the gold and red together is four times as large as the area of the gold circle alone; and it follows that if the gold circle be removed from this larger circle the remaining red ring will be three times the size of the gold circle. In the same manner, the circle containing the gold, red, and blue will in area be nine times as large as the gold circle alone; and if the combined gold and red circle be removed the remaining area of the blue ring will be five times as large as the gold. Again, the area of the circle containing the gold, red, blue, and black will be sixteen times larger than the gold; and if the gold, red, and blue be removed, an area seven times as large as the gold will be left for the black ring. Finally, the entire face of the target contains an area twenty-five times at large as the gold, and the white ring is nine times as large as the gold. Thus we get the target divided into twenty-five parts, of which one part is gold, three parts are red, five are blue, seven are black, and nine are white. But it does not correctly follow that, nine being taken to represent the value of a hit in the gold, and one as the value of a hit in the white (because the white ring is nine times larger than the gold circle), a hit in the red ring should count as seven, a hit in the blue as five, and a hit in the black as three. The proportion of the areas between the white and black rings is as nine to seven, giving the value of 1-2/7 for each hit in the black, or 1.28571 in decimals. Similarly, the proportion of area between the white and blue rings is as nine to five, giving the value of 1-4/5, or 1.8, as the value of each hit in the blue circle. The proportion of the area between the white and the red rings is as nine to three, giving the value of three for each hit in the red ring.

It may be taken that these values of 9, 7, 5, 3, 1, representing the hits in gold, red, blue, black, and white, are the best that can be adopted, and in their sum represent the twenty-five parts, the size of the gold, into which the target may be supposed to be divided.

There appears to be no exaggeration of the value of the gold as compared with the white, and the exaggerated value of the other colours very properly rewards superior skill, as shown by central hitting of the target.[1]

In the days when handicapping was done by taking off rings instead of percentages it might have been better to reduce the values of these reds, blues, and blacks when made by the more skilful.

The old exploded custom of adding hits to score was only a roundabout method of reducing the values of the hits from 9, 7, 5, 3, 1 to 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.

Targets are now all made of the same size, as already mentioned; but for many years after the revival of archery in 1781 four-feet targets were only used at the long distances of 120, 100, and 90 yards, whilst targets of three feet and two feet in diameter were used at the shorter distances and by ladies. In still older times our modern target-practice was represented by what was called the Paper Game, from paper being employed instead of the oil-painted canvas now in use.

It was an old fashion to score in money, thus: a gold was 2s. 6d., a scarlet 2s., an inner white 1s. 6d., a black 1s., and a white 6d.; and this is still the custom with the Woodmen of Arden, whose members still receive in cash at the end of a prize meeting the total value of their scores. The same custom also prevails at the Annual Scorton Arrow Meeting, except that each archer pays 6d. into the pool for every hit he makes in the white.

Formerly, unless an arrow was entirely in one colour, it was counted as a hit in the inferior of the two colours between which its position was divided; but now, except with the Woodmen of Arden, the contrary custom prevails, and the arrow will count as a hit in the superior colour, unless it be quite surrounded by the inferior colour. It is right that the archer should have the benefit of any doubt in this matter.

The purchasers of targets should ascertain that they have well-painted and well-seasoned facings. The American-cloth facings sometimes to be met with are most unsatisfactory, and occasionally there is too much of a sticky compound laid on the facings previous to the paint, which adheres to the arrow, and helps to denude the target of colour.

It is not generally acknowledged that the colours of the target at present in use are well adapted for most accurate shooting. They are too bright and glaring, confusing to the eye, and drawing the attention away from the centre, so that it is most difficult to avoid aiming at the target generally, rather than the gold. Now that the scoring is kept in figures, and no longer in colours, there would be no difficulty in substituting other colours that would assist to concentrate the aim, if only a general agreement about the nature of the change could be arrived at.

The usual custom of fixing targets is, that the centre of the gold shall be four feet from the ground, and as the target is always sloped with its lower part advanced towards the shooter, it follows that the correct distance of the bottom of the target from the ground is a trifle more than two feet and one inch.

THE TARGET-STANDS.

The most usual target-stands are of iron, in three pieces, each of about six feet in length, hinged together at the top, and painted green, forming a tripod for the support of the target, which is caught on to it by a hooked spike at the top of the stand, and kept from shifting its position thereon by a spike about half way up each of the front legs. These stands are so destructive to any arrows that hit them, even through the targets, that, for home use, they should be padded in front with a strip of thick felt, secured with strong twine, and then carefully wrapped with strong binding and painted.

The late Mr. James Spedding first invented this method of covering the stands which he had made for the Royal Toxophilite Society, of three long ash poles, united together at the top with iron nutted screw-bolts. When the stand is so treated it is almost impossible that an arrow can be injured by contact with the stand, and the extra expense (which is, however, considerable) is soon saved by the saving in arrows at 2s. 6d. apiece.

The Meyler stand, a very expensive machine, was a strong iron arm, fitted into a metal socket fixed in the ground, and at the upper end provided with three prongs, upon which the target was fixed; but it possessed the same incurable fault as the old earthen butts, in that it was immovable (except to the places where the necessary sockets were).

THE QUIVER.

The tin quiver, made in different sizes to contain six, a dozen, or more arrows, with sometimes a receptacle at the top for spare strings, wax, thread, silk, file, &c., is too handy an article to be ever altogether discarded, though the arrows in it do occasionally suffer by being indiscriminately jumbled together. The arrow-boxes of wood now made to hold different quantities of arrows are, of course, to be preferred. But the best receptacle for arrows on a journey is a properly fitted compartment in the bow-box, and the method invented by the Rev. J. M. Croker is the best of all. This is fitted with a hinge, so that any arrow in it can be removed without shifting any of the others.

CHAPTER VI.

OF BRACING, OR STRINGING, AND NOCKING

In the previous chapters such plain directions have been given concerning the various implements of archery as will enable each archer to provide himself with the best of the kind that his inclinations or means may lead him to adopt, and to enable him to avoid such as are in themselves radically bad, or likely to add to the difficulties he is sure to meet with before arriving at any great or satisfactory proficiency in the art. Having been thus enabled to form a choice as to his weapons, he must now be guided in their use; and, in the first place, there are a few minor matters that cannot be altogether passed over in silence. The first of these is the bracing or stringing of a bow, which may be considered as the first preliminary operation to actual shooting. This is the act of bending the bow, when unstrung, sufficiently to enable the archer to slip the upper eye of the string into the nock of the upper horn. To effect this, the usual method is to set the lower horn of the bow (its back being turned towards the archer) on the ground, against the inside of the right foot, this being turned a little inward so as to prevent the horn from slipping out of place. Then, the handle being firmly grasped with the right hand, and the lower or wrist-part of the left hand being rested upon the upper limb of the bow a few inches below the upper eye of the string, a strong steady pull must be applied with the right hand at the handle (the left hand and right foot forming the points d'appui) so that the bow may be bent, whilst the thumb and second joint of the first finger, or preferably the tips of the first and second fingers of the left hand, carry the eye of the string into the nock. Novices must be particularly careful that they do not get either of the fingers entangled between the string and the bow.

In stringing the bow, it is quite unimportant whether it be held in the right or left hand; but if the finger-tips be worn on the right hand, it is better to use this hand for the purpose of grasping the bow, rather than for helping the eye of the string into its place.

To unstring the bow, the action is the same as in the final position of stringing it, except that the eye of the string is slipped out of the horn.

To string and unstring a bow gracefully and without apparent effort is an affair rather of knack than of much strength or force, and is therefore only to be learnt with a certain amount of practice. The archer must keep, as far as possible, an upright position, as to crouch over the operation is ungainly, and interferes with the satisfactory application of the necessary amount of effort.

The bow being now strung, two things must be carefully noted: first, that the bend of the bow be neither too much nor too little; and secondly, that the string starts from both horns exactly at the centre of each—i.e. no atom either to the right or left, but dividing the bow precisely in half from end to end. If this latter caution be not observed the grain of the bow runs considerable risk of being unnaturally strained, and the bow itself of being pulled away and out of its proper shape, and sooner or later breaking in consequence. It is even possible that the correct cast itself may be more or less disadvantageously affected by any carelessness on this point. This is one of the many minutiæ of archery, which is of more importance than may at first sight appear, and should always be attended to before the bow is allowed to discharge a single arrow. During the shooting, too, attention should be occasionally directed to the string, to observe whether the loop may not have slipped a little away, as it may sometimes unavoidably do. If a second eye has been added to the string in the place of the loop, the string will be much more easily adjusted, and then there will be no fear of its getting away during the shooting. As regards the first point—namely, the amount of bend in a bow when strung—it has been already stated that in a man's bow the distance of the inside of the handle from the string should scarcely ever be less than six inches. The advantages of having the bow low-strung are that the bow casts quicker and farther (owing to the greater length the arrow is acted upon by the string), and that the bow, and also the string, are less strained, and consequently in less danger of breaking; but to be balanced against these advantages is the fact that the danger of striking the armguard before the extreme point of the string's recoil (already shown to be fatal to accurate shooting) is greater, and the cast may be somewhat less steady.

It has been immemorially customary to ascertain the amount of the bend of the bow when strung, by placing the fist upright upon the inside of the handle (at the centre of the bow), at the same time raising up the thumb towards the string; if the string then just touches the extremity of the thumb the bracing is supposed to be tolerably correct. This is not, however, an infallible test, as the size of hands of different individuals varies considerably; but each archer can ascertain how far his own hand, placed in the above way, varies from the old-fashioned measure of six inches, known as a fistmele, and, bearing this constantly in mind, may ascertain the bracing of his bow as accurately as if his own fistmele were the exact six inches.

The nocking of the arrow must now be considered. This is the application of the nock of the arrow to its proper place on the string. Simple as this operation may at first sight appear, yet there is a right way and a wrong way of doing it; and as the wrong way leads to the injury and disfigurement of the bow, let the beginner acquire the right method at first, as follows:—

The bow being held somewhat downwards by the handle with the left hand, with the string upwards, let the arrow be placed with the right hand over the string (not on any account under the string, as this latter method of nocking is sure to lead sooner or later to the disfigurement of the belly of the bow, by numerous stabs inflicted upon it by the sharp point of the arrow) upon that part of the bow (close to the forefinger of the left hand) upon which it is to lie; the thumb of the left hand (not the forefinger) being then gently placed over it will serve to hold it perfectly under command, whilst the forefinger and thumb of the right hand take hold of the nock end of the arrow, and manipulate with perfect ease the application of the nock to the proper nocking-place on the string. Five minutes' practice will suffice to render this method of nocking easy and familiar. But if the archer be afraid of unsteadying his hold upon the handle of the bow by shifting his left thumb on to the arrow, as above described, let him hold the arrow with his right hand just above the feathers, and so apply the nock to the string without assistance from the left thumb. This method is, however, somewhat more awkward-looking.

The centre of the nocking-place should be exactly upon that point of the string which is opposite to the spot on the bow over which the arrow will pass when shot—i.e. the arrow when nocked must be precisely perpendicular to the string. If the arrow be nocked at a lower point, it will beat itself against the forefinger of the left hand, and thereby waste some of the energy that should be applied to its flight. On the other hand, if the arrow be nocked at a higher point, the drawing will be commenced from a point not contemplated in the manufacture of the bow when the compensated strength of the upper and lower limbs is arranged for a fulcrum not exactly central. Care must be taken that the nocking-part of the string exactly fits or fills the nock of the arrow. The hold of the nock upon the string must be neither too tight nor too loose; if the first, the nock may, and probably will, be split; and if the second, the shaft is apt to slip whilst in the act of being drawn, and the nock will be broken, or the correct elevation and proper flight of the arrow will be lost.

A word of warning must be added for the young archer against attempting to alter the range of his arrow by varying the nocking-place. For the reasons above given, a worse system could not be adopted.

CHAPTER VII.

OF ASCHAM'S FIVE POINTS, POSITION STANDING, ETC.

The various implements of archery having been now described, the proper use of these by the archer claims attention.

Roger Ascham stated in 1545 that 'fayre shootynge came of these thynges: of standynge, nockynge, drawynge, howldynge, and lowsynge'; and these his well-known five points of archery have been followed by most other writers on the subject in this same order. He has set out so well 'all the discommodities whiche ill custome hath grafted in archers' that 'can neyther be quycklye poulled out, nor yet sone reckened of me, they be so manye,' that it will be excusable to quote them for the benefit of beginners, for their avoidance before they have been acquired.

'Some shooteth his head forwarde, as though he woulde byte the marke; an other stareth wyth hys eyes, as though they shoulde flye out; another winketh with one eye, and looketh with the other. Some make a face with writhing theyr mouthe and countenance so; another blereth out his tonge; another byteth his lyppes; another holdeth his neck a wrye. In drawynge some set suche a compasse, as thoughe they woulde tourne about and blysse all the feelde; other heaue theyr hand nowe vp, nowe downe, that a man cannot decerne wherat they wolde shote; another waggeth the vpper ende of his bow one way, the neyther ende an other waye. An other wil stand poyntinge his shafte at the marke a good whyle, and by-and-by he wyll gyue a whip, and awaye, or a man wite. An other maketh suche a wrestling with his gere, as thoughe he were able to shoote no more as longe as he lyued. Another draweth softly to ye middes, and by-and-by it is gon, you cannot knowe howe.

'Another draweth his shafte lowe at the breaste, as thoughe he woulde shoote at a rouynge marke, and by-and-by he lifteth his arme vp pricke heyghte. Another maketh a wrynching with hys back as though a manne pynched hym behynde.

'Another coureth downe, as though he shoulde shoote at crowes.

'Another setteth forwarde hys lefte legge, and draweth backe with head and showlders, as though he pouled at a rope, or els were afrayed of the marke. Another draweth his shafte well vntyll wythin ii fyngers of the head, and then stayeth to looke at hys marke, and that done pouleth it vp to the head, and lowseth; whiche waye, although summe excellent shoters do use, yet surely it is a faulte, and good mennes faultes are not to be followed.[2]

'Summe men drawe to farre, summe to shorte, summe to slowlye, summe to quickely, summe holde over longe, summe let go over sone.

'Summe sette theyr shafte on the grounde, and fetcheth him vpwarde. Another poynteth vp towarde the skye, and so bryngeth hym downewardes.

'Ones I sawe a manne whyche used a brasar on his cheke, or elles he had scratched all the skynne of the one syde of his face with his drawynge hand.

'An other I sawe, whiche at everye shoote, after the loose, lyfteth vp his ryght legge so far that he was ever in ieopardye of faulyng.

'Summe stampe forwarde, and summe leape backwarde. All these faultes be eyther in the drawynge or at the loose; with many other mo, whiche you may easelye perseyue, and so go about to auoyde them.

'Now afterwardes, when the shafte is gone, men haue manye faultes, which euell custome hath broughte them to, and specially in cryinge after the shafte and speakynge woordes scarce honest for suche an honest pastyme.

'And besyde those whiche must nedes have theyr tongue thus walkynge, other men vse other fautes: as some will take theyr bowe and writhe and wrinche it, to poule in his shafte when it flyeth wyde, as yf he draue a carte. Some wyll gyue two or iii strydes forwarde, daunsing and hoppynge after his shafte, as long as it flyeth, as though he were a madman. Some which feare to be to farre gone, runne backewarde as it were to poule his shafte backe. Another runneth forwarde when he feareth to be short, heauynge after his armes, as though he woulde helpe his shafte to flye. An other writhes or runneth a syde to poule in his shafte strayght. One lifteth up his heele, and so holdeth his foote still, as longe as his shafte flyeth. Another casteth his arme backewarde after the lowse. An other swynges his bowe aboute hym, as if it were a man with a staffe to make roume in a game place. And manye other faultes there be, whiche nowe come not to my remembraunce. Thus, as you have hearde, manye archers wyth marrynge theyr face and countenaunce wyth other partes of theyr bodye, as it were menne that shoulde daunce antiques, be farre from the comelye porte in shootynge whiche he that woulde be excellent muste looke for.'

He then frankly confesses that, though teaching others 'of these faultes, I have verie manye my selfe; but I talk not of my shootynge, but of the generall nature of shootyng. Now ymagin an archer that is clean, wythout all these faultes, and I am sure euerye man woulde be delyghted to se hym shoote.'

Another will suddenly crouch down on his hams, as though he were marking a bird's flight to pluck it down, or it were out of sight.

'Another will call himself uncomely names, whilst another casteth away his bow as though he would break it for faultes that are his own; and yet another will treat himself at faulte with such harsh usage that he shall scarce shoot again without black eyes for manye a daie.'

As the term standing seems insufficient to include all that has to be said respecting the attitude and general bearing of the archer whilst in the act of shooting, the expression position is adopted instead, as more applicable and comprehensive, and under position will be included, not only the footing or standing, but also the manner in which the hand should grasp the bow, and therefore, as well, the exact position of the bow itself.

In an endeavour to lay down such plain directions as may prevent the assumption of attitudes inimical to good shooting, and as may also assist in the avoidance of such other attitudes as do violence to gracefulness and are repulsive to the looker-on, it would be venturing too far to assert that but one position is good, or even that any particular one is the best; yet some general rules can with sufficient confidence be laid down for the purpose of controlling mannerisms and of confining them within harmless limits.

As regards the footing or standing and the attitudes of archers, it may be safely asserted that there are as many varieties as there are archers to call them into existence; that no two are exactly alike in all particulars; and that no one archer has yet been seen to combine all the excellences that might be centred in a perfect archer.

That an archer's general position may be a good one it must possess three qualities—firmness, elasticity, and grace: firmness, to resist the strain and the recoil of the bow—for if there be any wavering or unsteadiness the shot will probably prove a failure; elasticity, to give free play to the muscles, and the needful command over them—which cannot be the case should the position be too rigid and stiff; and grace, to render the archer and his performance agreeable, and not ludicrous, to the spectator. It so far, fortunately, happens that the third requirement—that of grace—is almost a necessary consequence of the possession of the other two: as the best position for practical results is, in fact, the most graceful one. Experience proves that an awkward ungainly style of shooting is very seldom successful. All these three requisites must be kept constantly in mind in every endeavour to arrive at the best position for combining them.

To the first part of position—that of footing, or standing—but little can be added to what has already been recommended in other books on the subject.

The heels should be, not close together, but about six or eight inches apart—thus avoiding the position that gives too little steadfastness in a wind in the one extreme, and an ungainly straddle in the other. The feet must be firmly planted on the ground, symmetrically, so as to form an angle of from 45° to 60° by the joining of the lines passing through the feet behind the heels. As regards the position of the heels with reference to the target to be shot at, undoubtedly the best position is that in which a line through the centres of the heels points to the centre of the target (fig. 34); but as many good shots have modified this position in the one or other direction, it may be allowed that any position of the feet—varying from that in which a line through the left or forward foot is at right angles to the line from the shooter's eye to the centre of the target (fig. 35) to that in which the line through the right foot is at right angles to the same line towards the target (fig. 36) (an extreme variation of 60°)—may be adopted without extreme violence to either freedom of action or grace. The fault of tipping forward towards the target shot at, caused by throwing the balance unduly upon the forward foot, may be cured by raising the heel of that foot. This is by no means an uncommon fault, and should be carefully guarded against as very fatal to shooting, and liable to result in most ridiculous developments. As the opposite fault has almost overtaken some of the best shots, it may be classed amongst exaggerated virtues, and is little likely to embarrass beginners. The legs should be perfectly straightened at the knees, and not on any account bent forward; and yet the knees should not be so rigidly locked back as to interfere with the elasticity of the position.

FIG. 34.               FIG. 35.               FIG. 36.

It will be observed that in fig. 34 only, the left and right shoulders, at points A and B respectively, come naturally into the best position for shooting at the target; but by adopting the position shown in fig. 36, a full-bodied archer may be enabled to draw a trifle further before the bowstring comes in contact with the chest; whilst in the position shown in fig. 35 an archer of supple figure can easily get the shoulders into the best position in the course of drawing up.

The body should be naturally upright, but not stiff; the whole person well balanced; and the face turned round so as to be nearly fronting the target.

During the brief period of time between the nocking of the arrow (already described in pp. 80-2) and the loosing of it, some slight alteration of the body's attitude, as arranged when the archer assumes his footing, will take place, as in the combined act of drawing and aiming, the right shoulder will be brought a little forward, and the left shoulder will be taken a little backward, before the shoulders resume their former relative positions previous to the loose, which in that position only can be most advantageously executed. The slightest possible inclination forward should be given to the head and chest, that the arrow may be brought directly under the right or aiming eye, without bringing the line of aim so close to the line through the left shoulder and bow as to make it impossible that the string can clear the forearm at the loose.

Many archers bend the body considerably forward from the waist, and quote the following passage from Bishop Latimer's sixth sermon—My father 'taught me how to drawe, how to lay my bodye in my bowe, and not to drawe with strength of armes, as other nacions do, but with strength of bodye'—in justification of this practice. Here, laying the body in the bow means taking up the best position for shooting. An archer in olden times was said to shoot in a bow, not with a bow.

'Not stooping, nor yet standing straight upright,' as Nicholl's 'London Artillery' hath it, expresses the right position correctly.

The second part of position which is most, important also, is the manner in which the hand should grasp the bow, and the attitude of the bow itself—i.e. whether this should be vertical, or more or less oblique.

It may be stated at once that the most natural and easy method of grasping the bow is also the best; in fact this remark is applicable to almost every point connected with archery, and cannot be too much or too often insisted upon. If the wrist and hand be in any way unnaturally employed bad results immediately follow. For instance, if the grasp be such as to throw the fulcrum much below the centre of the bow, its lower limb runs great risk of being pulled away and out of shape, which sooner or later will cause it to chrysal or break. Again, the Waring method, which used to be in high favour, 'of turning the wrist in as much possible,' causes the left arm to be held in such a straightened position, that it will not only present a constantly recurring obstacle and diverting influence to the free passage of the string, but will also be the cause of an increased strain and additional effort to the shooter, besides taking the spring and elasticity out of that all-important member the bow-arm. If the reverse of this method be adopted, and the wrist be turned intentionally and unnaturally outwards, it will be found that in avoiding Scylla Charybdis is at hand, and, though the string is well clear of the armguard, the wrist cannot sustain either the strain of the bow at full stretch or its recoil at the loose. Thus, as in every other instance, the extremes are bad, and the correct position will be found at the balancing-point between them.

When the footing has been taken, with the arrow nocked, let the bow lie easily and lightly in the left hand, the wrist being turned neither inwards nor outwards, but allowed to remain in the position most easy and natural for it; as the drawing of the bow commences, the grasp will intuitively tighten, and by the time the arrow is drawn to the head the position of the hand and wrist will be such as to be easiest for the shooter and best for the success of his shot.

FIG. 37.—WRONG POSITION.

FIG. 39.—WRONG POSITION.

FIG. 38.—RIGHT POSITION.

It will be observed in the three figures giving the correct and wrong positions of the hand on the bow-handle, that the upper part of the bow hand, including the whole of the thumb and first finger, is above the upper line of the wrist (line AB), whilst the fulcrum, or working centre of the bow, is also above that line, or even in such bows as have their centres in the middle of the handle but little below that line. It is pretty clear that if the hand had been originally constructed solely with a view to its application to the bow, or even as a weapon in the noble art of self-defence, it might have been constructed so as to be a more evenly-balanced hammer at the end of its handle, the arm, than it is at present. Possibly its narrow escape from being another foot has interfered with its proper development from an archer's point of view. However this may be, it would be better, as a mechanical contrivance, for drawing a bow, if the strain applied by the loosing hand could pass directly along the line through the centre of the arm, with centre or fulcrum of the bow in the same line—i.e. in line a b (fig. 38).

The nearest approach to this condition of a perfect archer's hand was possessed by Mr. G. Edwards, the first archer to displace Mr. H. A. Ford from the position of Champion, in 1860, who, though he may never have made the extraordinary scores credited to Mr. Ford, was an excellent shot, and, when at his best, had the steadiest bow-arm and the firmest grip ever seen on a bow. Through a gun accident, he lost entirely his left thumb, and held his bow with his four fingers, pressing it against a leather pad inserted between the bow and his wrist, much in the position the thumb would occupy if it could be placed downwards across the palm of the hand. This altered formation shifted the position of his arm so that the line through the fulcrum of the bow was well below the upper line of his wrist.

Some archers acquire the habit of extending the thumb upwards along the belly of the bow. This method of grasping the bow tends to weaken and unsteady the drawing power, but as a point of drill for the acquisition of such a grasp of the bow with the fingers, before the thumb is placed in position to assist, as will enable the archer to clear his armguard, its trial is strongly recommended. A steadier hold of the bow is in the end obtained by keeping the upper part of the thumb off the bow, so that the hold is between the root of the thumb and the fingers. As the first finger is often used to assist in adjusting the position of the arrow on the bow, care must be taken to replace it at the commencement of the draw. Unless the bow be held firmly between the four fingers and the thumb and heel of the hand, at the loose and recoil an unpleasant jar will be felt, with the further ill-consequence of blisters, &c. The position of the bow should be straight across the palm of the hand, so that the fingers when closed in position to hold it lie as nearly as possible at right angles to the axis of the bow.

A lateral projection on the left side of the handle of the bow is sometimes added, if the archer's hand be hollow, and this contrivance assists the bowstring to avoid the armguard.

Before the consideration of the final position of the bow at the loose, as to whether it should be vertical or oblique, a glance must be taken at the horizontal position which should be adopted by all those who disbelieve in the possibility of aiming with bow and arrow whilst the arrow is discharged from the side of the bow, because in that position the arrow cannot be thrown to the left of the mark aimed at. This position is so cramped and awkward as to be practically useless for shooting at a horizontal aim, when a full-length arrow cannot be drawn up, as the string comes too soon in contact with the left side. Yet archers have been known to make successful scores in this style, using weak bows and light arrows.

The vertical position of the bow (but not as sometimes adopted, when the bow is thus set up at the end of a horizontal arm to be hauled at until the beginner's arrow is discharged) is an assistance in clearing the bowstring from the chest when a full-length arrow is fully drawn; and a tendency towards this position at the instant of loose will correct the curious habit many archers acquire of throwing the upper limb of the bow down and the lower limb up after the loose, as if part of the loosing or drawing action had been a mutually antagonistic screw between the holding and loosing hands.

The chief advantage of the oblique position is that the arrow is not so likely to be blown away from its contact with the bow by a high wind from the bow side.

CHAPTER VIII.

DRAWING

Ascham seems to be right in declaring that 'Drawyne well is the best parte of shootyng'; and, as it is in the course of this part of the act of shooting that all the ridiculous antics already quoted may be exhibited, and without drawing well it is almost impossible to take aim or loose with any chance of success, every archer must pay the utmost attention to the acquisition of the best and easiest method of drawing. Yet it is not pretended that there is but one best method of drawing.

Here two things have to be previously considered, namely, the strength of the bow to be used, and the length of the arrow, or rather how much of its length must be drawn up. First, as regards the strength of bow to be used, it should be observed that when, in modern times, the practice of shooting isolated arrows was discontinued in favour of three arrows shot by each archer consecutively at each end throughout a York Round, the possibility of making the delivery of each arrow a supreme effort became impossible, and the more frequent repetition of an effort, which, though considerable (as it should always be), is not quite a tour de force, is now accepted as more likely to exhibit grace in the execution and accuracy in the result, with the natural consequence that the average strength of bows now in use is scarcely so great as it used to be; though it must not be lost sight of that bows now are more accurately weighed, than they were before the invention of the York and National Rounds; and also that now a large proportion of archers pull their arrows well up, hold, and aim with them, whereas none did so in the old times when no archer had so much as dreamed that it was possible to take an aim with bows and arrows. Yet still at any public archery meeting it is easy to observe, in one or other of the many varieties of style of drawing represented, the germs of all possible contortions; but in nearly all these cases of contortion it will be found that the 'very head and front of the offending' is in the archer's vain attempt to employ a bow that is beyond his control; whilst, if the weapon be well within his control, it is as needless to distort even a muscle of the face as it is for a short-sighted person to make a grimace when fixing the glass in his eye. Still it will also be a mistake to be under-bowed with a plaything, as wasting part of the power of covering distance and overcoming wind, &c. Whilst bows varying in measure from 40 lbs. to 56 lbs. and arrows varying in weight from 4s. to 5s. can be easily procured, every archer's weakness or strength can be appropriately suited. For ladies there is the range in strength of bows from 20 lbs. to 35 lbs., and in weight of arrows from 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d.

Next as regards the length of arrow to be drawn at each discharge. The variation in the arrows themselves may be only from 26 to 29 inches in those of men, and from 24 to 26 inches in those of ladies; but there is a much wider variation in the part of the arrow drawn up by different archers. There appears to be a widespread belief that in olden times the archer soldiers used arrows a yard long; but only a few archers participate in this belief, and join in treating this as a proof of the degeneracy of modern archers. Ascham, in his treatment of the subject of arrows, mentions them of many different lengths and thicknesses, without any precision, and no doubt they were much more various in his time than now. The 'clothyard' or the 'clothier's yard,' not the standard yard, is almost always mentioned by old writers when treating of the length of draw employed by English archers; and many considerations (supposing positive proof to be altogether wanting) point to the conclusion that this 'clothyard' was the length of 27 inches. In the absence of any representative surviving war-arrow the evidence of an ancient model may be taken, and such a model exists in the possession of the Royal Toxophilite Society, described thus in 'A History of the Royal Toxophilite Society 1870.' 'The most ancient piece of plate possessed by the Society is an arrow, 28-1/4 inches long, the "stele" being of iron very thickly plated with silver, and the barbed pile (1-1/4 inch long), of solid silver. The three feathers are also of solid silver. On the "stele" are these inscriptions:

SIR REGINALD FOSTER, Kt. and Bart.

WARWICK LEDGINGHAM, Esq.

Stewards in Finsbury.

Anno Dom. 1663.

This arrow was presented to the Society by Mr. Philip Constable.' This Mr. Philip Constable is mentioned as one of the oldest Finsbury archers in Dailies Barrington's essay on Archery in the seventh volume of 'Archæologia.' The ancient Scorton arrow (1672) is of no greater length, but has been broken and repaired and has no date on it. There is an act of Parliament (Irish?) 5 Edward IV. ch. 4, which provides that every Englishman, and Irishman dwelling with Englishmen, and speaking English, being between sixteen and sixty years of age, shall have an English bow of his own length, and a fistmele at least between the nocks, and twelve shafts of the length of three-quarters of the standard. This points to the length of 27 inches as the regulation length for the stele of an arrow. The danger of breaking a bow increases the further it is drawn up, and there is no scarcity of bows that are broken at even a shorter draw than 27 or 28 inches. How many more broken bows would there have been then if the usual length of arrows drawn were 36 inches; and this in the course of a battle, when a broken bow meant an archer temporarily disabled, as an archer? The material used in the manufacture of bows, the wood, must have been the same as now, and, from the specimens extant, their length does not appear to have been much beyond those now in use. In fact, the length of a bow must always be limited so as to be within the reach of the archer who strings it, and the average stature of the human race does not appear to have diminished.

It is not pretended that no arrows were longer than 27 inches. Doubtless long and light arrows were employed to annoy an enemy whilst still at a distance; but for a war-arrow, with a heavy barbed pile, to be an effective missile, it must have been provided with a strong and stiff stele, and this cannot also have been unusually long.

As dictionaries seem to avoid the compound words clothyard and clothier's yard, no better evidence can be found than the statement that the 27 inches constitute a Flemish yard, and that Flemish bows, arrows, and strings were always in high repute. So the dispute must still be left for further consideration.

Hansard, in 'The Book of Archery,' 1840, treats the matter as fully as possible perhaps, and apparently leans towards the belief that the tallest and most stalwart archers may have drawn up huge bows a full yard of the standard; yet, as he contends, at p. 191, that 'great numbers of Welsh served at Crecy and Poictiers, and it is somewhere said that a considerable portion consisted of archers,' it seems unlikely that at the same time the average archer at those battles was of gigantic stature. Ascham might have settled the matter, but he ventures no further than the statement (p. 87 of Arber's reprint) that 'at the battel of Agincourt with vii thousand fyghtynge men, and yet many of them sycke, beynge suche archers, as the Cronycle sayeth, that mooste parte of them drewe a yarde,' &c.

Apart from the historical consideration of what used to be the average draw of the old English archers, it must be admitted that modern archers err on the side of not pulling up enough rather than on the side of overdrawing. Therefore it is strongly recommended to every archer to employ as long an arrow as he can conveniently use, and to bear in mind that the portion of it to be drawn up at each loose should bear some reasonable proportion to the length of arm, &c., in each individual case. It may be safely stated that no archer will find that he can conveniently draw fully up and loose evenly an arrow of greater length than the space between the left centre joint of the collarbone and the knuckle of the left-hand index-finger when the bow-arm is fully extended.

But few experienced archers now extend the bow-arm fully and take their aim before they commence drawing at all. Neither can this method be commended, as it has an awkward appearance, from the necessity that exists of stretching the other arm so far across the body in order to reach the string, and it materially increases the exertion necessary to pull the bow. Yet this method is not without its use as a preliminary drill for a beginner, that he may learn the necessity and the difficulty of drawing his arrow up, whilst keeping it constantly and exactly on the line which the arrow is afterwards to follow towards the object to be hit when it is loosed; at the same time not yet attending to the second and equally great difficulty of a beginner, namely, that of shooting the exact length as well; also that he may learn how to cover different lengths by higher and lower positions of the bow-hand.

Much diversity of opinion exists as to the best method of getting the bow-hand into position for the aim and loose, as to whether, in the course of drawing up, the arrow shall be brought into the line of aim from below or from above, or from the right to the left; and here it would seem that to make the motion of drawing from the right to the left and upwards at the same time is the simplest and most direct plan, since, after the nocking of the arrow, the drawing commences most naturally from beneath and to the right of the object to be hit.

There seem to be three successful methods of drawing—namely, first, to draw the arrow home[3] at once, loosing when it has been aimed, without any further draw; secondly, to draw the arrow within an inch or a little more of home,[3] aiming then, and loosing after the completion of the draw; and thirdly, the method of combining the operations of drawing and aiming so continuously that the loose is the uninterrupted completion of the draw. It is unnecessary to consider the distinct method of drawing up and letting out again before the loose, or the uncertain method of fraying up and down, or playing as it were at fast-and-loose a bit before the loose, as no archer would adopt any such uncertain style as a matter of choice; though such stuttering and hiccoughing performances may occasionally bring back an erring arrow to its duty, or may arise from the loss of nerve and the departure of the crisp finish from what was once steady and unhesitating. Any movement of the bow-hand in drawing up from the left towards the right should be avoided, as that movement tends to contract instead of expanding the chest; therefore great care should be taken, when lateral movement is used in drawing up, to avoid passing the line of aim in moving the bow-hand towards the left.

Though the theory and practice of aiming will be fully treated in another chapter, some reference must here be made to aiming, although it may lead to apparently unnecessary repetition. Reference has already, somewhat prematurely, been made to the line of aim, and also to the length to be shot. Now it is clear that the success of a scientific shot must be the result of the exact combinations of the right line of aim, and the correct level of the bow- and loosing-hands by which to attain the length. In drawing, the process by which the line of aim and the level are arrived at must be associated in practice, but may be considered separately. Advice has already been given to avoid—as soon as possible after the beginner has got through the first elements—the setting-up of the bow-hand with the arrow already on the line of aim to be then hauled at, and this for reasons already given. But now comes in the apparently contradictory advice, to get it planted there to be hauled at in good time before the conclusion of the operation of drawing, so that that conclusion may be certainly in the right line of aim. And the further advice at this stage of drawing is that the loosing-hand be kept well back, and never allowed to advance between the archer's face and the object aimed at. In previous editions of this book it was laid down that 'the arrow shall be at least three-fourths drawn when brought upon the [line of] aim.' But this is far from sufficient at this point of the process. About nine-tenths of drawing should be by that time accomplished, or the archer will be in a still worse position for applying his strength to the loose with advantage should there be any pause at this stage of drawing to combine the level with the line of aim. Next come the considerations whether the arrow should be held quiescent for a short time, whilst the perfect aim is found, or whether the entire drawing should be one continuous act from the first moment of pulling and raising the bow to the loose. Neither of these methods appears to have much advantage over the other, if well executed. The former will be a little more trying to the bow, and, if the finish be imperfect, may lead to letting the arrow out, which is known as a creeping-loose. The latter may lead to an arrow being occasionally imperfectly drawn; but the bow will have no cause of complaint, and full advantage will always be taken of all the work that is done.

The method of drawing the arrow home at once, which has still to be considered, has this point apparently in its favour—that it ensures the arrow's being always drawn to the same point. But it is very trying to the bow, the arms, and the fingers, and, ending in what is called a dead-loose, at the best scarcely produces results commensurate with the labour undoubtedly taken, and whenever it is imperfectly finished a creeping-loose results.

Ascham, quoting Procopius, says that 'Leo, the Emperoure, would have hys souldyers drawe quycklye in warre, for that maketh a shaft flie a pace. In shootynge at pryckes, hasty and quicke drawing is neyther sure nor cumlye. Therefore, to draw easely and uniformely ... is best both for profit and semelinesse.' The modern style of shooting the York Round, &c., is the same as used in his days to be called shooting at pricks, and his advice as to the manner of drawing cannot be much improved.

A few lines before the passage above quoted he says, 'And one thynge commeth into my remembrance nowe, when I speake of drawynge, that I never red of other kynde of shootynge, than drawing wyth a mans hand either to the breste or eare.' This he says when referring to the invention of cross-bows. But it is curious that to no writer on the subject of archery it occurred that 'under the eye' might possibly be a better direction for 'drawing' than either to the breste or to the eare. Yet so it is that until the first appearance of Mr. H. A. Ford's 'Theory and Practice of Archery' in 1855 there existed no intermediate styles between the one, that was too low, and the other, which, though in the opposite extreme, was then so highly regarded as the grand old English style, that the author, though annually Champion since 1849, must have been a bold man to give the first indication of the new, and now almost universally admitted, best style for target-practice of drawing 'to such a distance that the wrist of the right hand come to about the level of the chin,' and the level of the arrow shall be a shade lower than that of the chin; its nock being in the vertical line dropped from the right eye.

One of the main features of good drawing is that the distance pulled be precisely the same every time; that is to say, the same length of the arrow must be drawn identically, whether this length be to the pile, or any shorter distance. Unless this be unerringly accomplished with every shot the length must be more or less uncertain, since the power taken out of the bow will be greater or less according to the longer or shorter draw.

A great many devices have been tried and practised to make this exact similarity in the distance drawn a matter of certainty, such as by notching the end of the arrow, so that the left hand may feel it when the right length of draw has been reached; or by touching some point of the face, neck, or chin, collar, button, or other fixed point with some part of the drawing hand. But it will be found infinitely better to arrive at an exact repetition of the same action by careful practice rather than by dodges, which may, however, be useful as experiments. These mechanical devices are unlikely to have a beneficial result when constantly in use, as, when the eye and mind are fixed and concentrated (as they should be) on the aim, if anything occurs to distract either, the loose is almost sure to become unequal.

The pile of the arrow should not be drawn on to the bow. It is far better that no arrow be drawn further than exactly to the pile; and every arrow should be longer, by at least as much as the pile, than the archer's actual draw. The danger of overdrawing, in that the arrow at the loose gets set inside the bow, to its own certain destruction and to the bow's and the archer's infinite risk, is very considerable. Nothing can be gained by the violation of this rule. In cases where a beginner may be likely to overdraw, a string of the correct length to be drawn may be tied between the bow string and the handle of the bow, which will effectually prevent such an occurrence.

It is believed that all archers, good, bad, and indifferent, are (more or less) constantly subject to one failing, namely, that in completing the draw, after the aim is taken, a slightly different line to that occupied by the arrow (if correctly aimed) is taken, instead of making the line of finish (as they should do) an exact continuation of the arrow's axis, dropping the right hand, or letting it incline to the right, or both; the effect being to cast the arrow out of the direction it had indicated, and by means of which the aim had been calculated. Here nothing but the most minute attention and constant practice will save the archer; but he must be prepared for participation in this common failing, and it is one of which he will be often quite unconscious, though the cause of his frequently missing the target. The very best archer needs to bear constantly in mind the necessary avoidance of this fault; for, however skilful he may be, however experienced and practised a shot, he may be quite sure that it is one into which he will be constantly in danger of falling. Failure in wind is frequently caused more by this failing than by the effect of the wind itself; for instance, the aim, perhaps, is designedly taken so as to make some allowance for a side-wind, and then the loose is delivered as if no allowance had been made. The difficulty all experience in shooting correctly on a ground where the distant level is not horizontal is more or less connected with this dangerous failing. Here, though the archer be perfectly aware that the distance slopes, however slightly, one way or the other to the correct horizon, yet at the instant of the loose he will unconsciously overlook this, and expect to have his unfortunate arrow travel in a plane vertical to the mock horizon instead of in a really vertical plane such as it must travel in, unless diverted from it by wind. Another way of accounting for this universal failing is that there is an unconscious detection of error at the last moment, and a convulsive attempt to correct this error before the completion of the loose by altering the line of the loose. Every archer is strongly advised, when he detects an error in the aim at the last moment that cannot be corrected before the discharge except in the action of the loose, to take down his arrow and begin the shooting of it afresh. The capacity to do this, when needful, is an excellent test of nerve.

As far as possible the right hand must always be drawn identically to the same point for all kinds of target-practice, whatever the distance to be shot may be. To the left arm alone should be left the delicate task of the elevation or depression necessary when a longer or a shorter distance from the target is adopted. It will be obvious that when the left hand is, according to this rule, higher or lower for the purpose of shooting a longer or shorter distance the relative positions of the two hands must vary from a greater to a less divergence from an horizontal level between them, and this leads to a most important consideration in the action of drawing, namely, the position of the right elbow. This, being necessarily out of the archer's sight whilst aiming, is too frequently forgotten, and a faulty weak position of the elbow is much more easily contracted than cured. Treated as a mechanical contrivance for drawing up an arrow, the only correct position of the right elbow with reference to the arrow is that the arrow's axis should pass through the point of the bent elbow, and in this position only can the archer apply his full strength. Yet, probably from the fact that the elbow must pass through positions of less advantage in the course of drawing before the full draw is reached, it will be observed that many archers at the loose have the elbow below the level of the arrow's axis; and not a few have the elbow projecting forwards from the same axis. These faults are believed to be the causes of the constant and otherwise unaccountable, but most frequent, downfall of successful archers, generally attributed to the failure of nerve. Yet the nerves cannot certainly be altogether at fault, for the same archer, whose arrow takes its flight into its own hands, when applied to target practice, can steadily draw and hold the same arrow when it is not to be shot. It can doubtless be observed that in such cases the arrow in the one case is drawn up with a faulty wavering of the elbow, whilst in the other the elbow is brought steadily into correct position. When a position of the elbow higher than the axis of the arrow comes to be considered, it appears to partake of the nature of an exaggerated virtue rather than a fault; is an assistance in the earlier processes of drawing; and, when in excess though not graceful, will probably cure itself. Much the same may be said of the much less frequent fault of drawing the right elbow into a position further back than the axis of the arrow. This can only be brought about by overdrawing, and is seldom observable except in beginners who are anxious 'to do all they know' with too long an arrow.

The treatment of the elbow of the bow-arm remains to be considered. Here trouble is more likely to arise with beginners than in an archer's after-career. If a beginner, in obedience to the instructions of Waring and the older masters of the craft, hold out the bow-arm 'as straight as possible' i.e. locked tight at the elbow, a sprain difficult to cure may not unlikely be the result, and, at any rate, a vast deal of unnecessary arm or armguard thrashing. On the other hand, a bent bow-arm, such as may appear to be recommended in the earlier editions of this work, will lead to but poor results if a bow equal to the archer's power be used. Here again the best advice that can be given is to hit off the happy mean between the too rigid arm and that which is too slack. Let the bow-arm be straightened naturally as the strain of the loosing hand is applied to it, and by careful drill each archer will arrive at a method of rendering the recoil of the bow string harmless to the course of the arrow as well as to a naked wrist, which, it is now almost universally admitted, need not be brought into contact with the armguard.

A marked variation of the method of drawing has occasionally been adopted, with considerable success, with weapons of light calibre. The nocked arrow is placed horizontally a little below the shoulder-level. The draw then commences with the extension of the bow-arm, whilst the right hand and elbow take the position for loosing, the arrow being kept all the time on the line of aim.

One not altogether uncommon distortion must be mentioned for careful avoidance. This consists of a stiffening of the right wrist, with the hand bent backwards, at the time the fingers are applied to the bowstring. This antic of course cripples considerably the draw. The action of the wrist should be quite free and unconstrained until the commencement of the draw, and during the draw the back of the hand should be kept as nearly as possible in the same line as the forearm.

The left shoulder requires most careful attention. It must not be allowed to rise too high when the bow is drawn, nor to shrink inwards, as it will sometimes do with beginners when using bows that are too strong. Moreover, this shoulder must be kept so close to the line between the bow and the right shoulder that it shall project neither before nor behind that line.

CHAPTER IX.

AIMING

The aim is undoubtedly the most abstruse and scientific point connected with the practice of archery. It is at the same time the most difficult to teach and the most difficult to learn; and yet, of all points, it is the most necessary to be taught. Upon the acquisition of a correct method of aiming depends all permanently successful practice; yet respecting this important point the most sublime ignorance prevails amongst the uninitiated.

Unless the archer acquires a perfect understanding of the science of aiming, an almost impassable barrier is presented to his progressing a single step beyond the commonest mediocrity, whilst his interest in his practice is increased tenfold as soon as he has discovered that hitting or missing the object he aims at may be removed from the mysterious condition of an unaccountable sympathy between the hand and eye to the safer ground of positive knowledge.

It is perhaps quite natural that most beginners should assume that at any rate as regards the application of their eyes to the shooting of arrows they can have nothing to learn. Have they not had the full and constant use of their eyes from their earliest infancy? and have not these been with sufficient frequency applied in such a manner as must secure the necessary qualifications for such a simple task as aiming with bows and arrows? There cannot, surely, be any science wanted in the use of weapons that any child can not only use but even make? Was it ever necessary to take lessons in order to secure accuracy in throwing stones? or can any amount of abstract study of optics contribute the smallest improvement or finish to a bowler? So it is in this matter of aiming that beginners, and still more those who are more advanced in practice, seem most to resent interference and advice; partly because they object to being told that they are making a wrong or incomplete use of their own eyes—looking upon it as a direct accusation of folly—when they feel that they must surely know better than their adviser all about those useful members, which, though almost constantly in employ, have never given any trouble, and have never even seemed to require any training or education; and partly with the more advanced, who have met with considerable success in hitting with their purblind (as it may be called) method of aiming, because they fear to weaken their not wholly complete faith[4] in their own system by admitting even the possibility of a better. Thus in this matter of aiming it will be better that the inexperienced archer should be referred to written instruction; and whilst on the subject of instruction it should be thoroughly well enforced that nothing is more unpleasant than the unsolicited interference and advice of the officious busybody, and—particularly at an archery meeting—no unasked advice or instruction should ever be offered.

It need now be no matter of surprise that before the first appearance of this work, in 1855, no writer on archery had been able to grapple intelligently with the subject of aiming. When firearms first took the place of bows and arrows as weapons of war and the chase, the firearms themselves were so inaccurate that chance went almost, if not quite, as far as science in the use of them. Their improvement was but slow and gradual; and for the firing of them the invention of percussion instead of flint and steel, which in its turn had displaced the original fuse, belongs to quite modern times. The neglected bows and arrows naturally gained no improvement; yet, until the invention of rifling firearms, bows and arrows, except for the greater inherent difficulty in the use of them, might have had a better chance to hold their own against Brown Bess and the bullet (it was commonly believed that it cost the expenditure of about a ton of lead to kill a single enemy in battle) had aiming with them been well understood. It cannot be doubted that many an archer (besides those who converted their knuckles into pincushions, and resorted to other dodges) must have hit upon an intelligent method of aiming for himself in early times; but such early experts must have resorted to the expedient of getting the arrow under the eye by pulling low, and would have to bear the withering scorn of all their brethren, who blindly upheld that the grand old English style of aiming from the ear was alone worthy of a man; and such despised experts would be most likely to keep their better knowledge to themselves for the same selfish but valid reason that Kentfield the inventor of the side-stroke in billiards, kept his own counsel as long as he could; and also because any crusade having as its object the deposition of the pull to the ear in favour of the pull to the breast must always have proved quixotic. So it came about that Mr. H. A. Ford was the first who, after five or six years of successful practice and many diligent and careful experiments conducted in combination with Mr. J. Bramhall, braved the danger of being anathematised as a heretic for daring to impugn the dear old legend of the 'pull to the ear,' and preached in favour of a style of shooting that brought the arrow as directly under the archer's eye as is the barrel of a rifle in the hands of a marksman, without resorting to the justly condemned style of pulling as low as the breast.

Much about the same time great improvements were effected in firearms, which brought the accuracy of rifles much closer to perfection. The Volunteer movement, followed by the establishment of the annual Wimbledon rifle meeting, at which a Ross (then an illustrious name) was the first Queen's Prizeman in 1860, brought the scientific practice of aiming to a pitch of perfection that had never previously been dreamed of. Thus it will be seen that archery was not behind firearms in scientific advancement.

It is stated in 'Scloppetaria'—a scarce book on the rifle, published by Colonel Beaufoy in 1812—that 'as the deflection from the original line of flight was an inconvenience from which arrows were not found so liable as bodies projected from firearms, it naturally led to an inquiry how that could arise. The prominent feature of an arrow's flight is to spin with considerable velocity all the time of its flight, and therefore attention was directed towards attaining the same advantage for firearms'; and it is not without interest to notice that the modern rifle is thus directly derived from the clothyard shaft.

The improvement of the conical bullet is a later offspring of the same ancient missile.

An archer holds an intermediate position between a sportsman, who, in his attacks upon moving game, must waste no time in taking aim, and a rifleman, who, even in a standing position, can use the utmost deliberation. If he be as quick as the sportsman he will increase the difficulty of reproducing with each discharge exactly the same accuracy of pull and position. He must not be too hesitatingly slow, or he will spoil his bows and involve himself in unnecessary toil. Further, the rifleman has plenty of leisure to close the eye with which he does not aim; and such closing assists, and in no way hinders, his taking his aim, by bringing the bead at the end of his weapon and the mechanical sight by which the 'length' (distance from the target) is compassed to bear upon the centre of the target, or such other point at some trifling distance from it as the conditions of wind or weather may command; whilst the sportsman, whose weapon cannot be sighted for all the different distances at which the game he fires at may be from himself, must keep both eyes open, so that he may be better able to calculate distances and attend to such other surrounding circumstances as with the then more perfect indirect vision he will be able to do, taking in a much wider field than can be obtained when one eye only is open.

In the cases of the comparatively few archers who have but one eye, or where, from the natural but not unfrequent difference in the two eyes, one only is habitually used in aiming, the following considerations of binocular vision can have but an abstract interest. The binocular difficulties, moreover, will not occur to those archers who have acquired the habit of closing one eye whilst aiming. But the habitual closing of the non-aiming eye is not recommended, for the reason that any archer in full use of both eyes can much more readily and clearly watch the flight of his arrow towards the mark with both eyes open. There is as much enjoyment to be obtained by following the course of a well-shot arrow as there is necessity for watching the errors of those that fly amiss that the causes of such errors may if possible be avoided.

But before the demonstration of the true and only scientific mode of aiming can be proceeded with, a few words must be said on the subject of direct and indirect vision.

When both eyes are directed upon the observation of any single object—say the centre of the gold of the target at 100 yards—the axes of the eyes meet at that point, and all parts of the eyes having perfect correspondence as regards that point, the sensation of perfect vision is given, i.e. the best and most accurate image that can be obtained on the retinæ of the point to which the entire attention of both eyes is directed. But at the same time there are images formed on the retinæ, of other objects nearer (those more distant need not be considered) than this point, and to the right and left of it, as well as above and below it; and all such objects are included within the attention of indirect vision. The exact correspondence of the images formed on the two retinæ applies only to the point of direct vision, and the images of all other objects—i.e. the objects of indirect vision—are differently portrayed on each retina. Any object embraced in this indirect vision will be seen less or more distinctly according to its remoteness or otherwise from one or other of the axes in any part of its length; and it will be, or at any rate naturally should be, clearest to the indirect vision of that eye to the axis of which it most approximates.

Now, in aiming with an arrow, to arrive at anything like certainty, it is necessary to have in view three things, namely, the mark to be hit (the gold of the target); the arrow, as far as possible in its whole line and length (otherwise its real future course cannot be appreciated); and the point of aim.

It may be well to explain here that by the point of aim is meant the spot which the point of the arrow appears to cover. This spot, with the bow, is seldom identical with the centre of the gold, or if it be so with any individual archer at one particular distance, it will not be so at other distances, because the arrow has no adjusting sights such as are provided to assist the aim with a rifle. As an example, let it be supposed that an archer is shooting in a side-wind, say at 80 yards, and that this distance is to him that particular one where, in calm weather, the point of his arrow and the gold are identical for the purposes of aiming. It is clear that, if he now treat them so, the effect of the wind will carry his arrow to the right or left of the mark according to the side from which it blows. He is therefore obliged to aim on one side of his mark, and the point of his arrow consequently covers a spot other than the target's centre. And this other spot in this instance is to him his point of aim. Under the parallel circumstances of a long range and a side-wind the rifle will be found subject to the same rule.

Now it will be understood that it is necessary for the archer to embrace within his vision the gold, the point of aim, and the true line in which the arrow is directed.

Direct vision can only be applied to one object at a time, and as direct vision should be applied as little as possible to the arrow during the aim, it has to be shown in what way the arrow must be held in order that the archer may, by means of his indirect vision, clearly appreciate the true line in which it points at the time of aiming. The discussion as to whether the gold or the point of aim shall be the object of direct vision may be postponed for the present.

Now it may be positively asserted as an incontrovertible axiom in archery that this true line cannot be correctly appreciated by the shooter unless the arrow lie, in its whole length, directly beneath the axis of the aiming eye. This is most confidently maintained, in spite of the fact that the strongest, the most deliberate, and the most successful archer of the present day systematically keeps his arrow a trifle outside his right eye. It must be remembered that Ascham ordains that 'good mennes faultes are not to be followed.'

The indirect vision of both eyes can never be used here, for if it were, according to the law of optics, two arrows would be seen; but this is never the case with the habitual shooter—though both his eyes be open, habit, and the wonderful adapting power of the eye, preventing such an untoward effect equally well as (nay, better than) if the second eye be closed. To state this more correctly: an expert archer with both eyes open is in the same condition with two similar eyes as a person who, with imperfect sight, habitually wears a spy-glass to improve the sight of the one eye, with which improved eye alone he sees, to the complete neglect of all that is taken in by the other eye, though constantly open. Those who have shot both right- and left-handed—and there are not a few such—can answer for it that, though a different indirect vision of the arrow is observed with each eye, either can at will be used without any inconvenience arising from the unnecessary presence of the other. Another unusual exception may here be mentioned of a style of aiming which, though eminently successful through a good many years in the case of a Championess, cannot be recommended for imitation.

She kept her direct vision only on the point of her arrow, thus seeing the nock end of the arrow gradually diverging from its point towards each eye by indirect vision, and also by indirect vision seeing two targets, or two sets of targets, from which she had to select the correct one to secure the right direction for the loose. Many archers close the non-aiming eye, and it will be well for all beginners to do so to avoid a very possible trouble, in the case of an archer whose non-aiming eye is the best and most used of the two, of this better eye officiously interfering to do wrong what its neighbour only can do right.

But to return to the statement that the arrow in its whole length must lie directly beneath the axis of the aiming eye, which is now assumed to be the right eye, as it is so in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred. From fig. 40 it will appear that it must be so, because otherwise the shooter will be deceived as to the true line it has to take; for so long as the point of the arrow touches the axis of the aiming eye, the arrow may appear to that eye to be pointing in a straight line to the object looked at, though really directed far away to the right or left of it, as shown in fig. 41; where the arrow CB, though really pointing in the directions bCE, may, through touching the axis of the eye from B to D at C, falsely appear to the archer to be aimed at the object D.

(In figs. 40 to 43 the distances between A and B are supposed to represent the possible two inches or so between the two eyes, and the distances between A and D and B and D to be not less than fifty yards.)

FIG. 40.

FIG. 41.

FIG. 42.

FIG. 43.

A B, the two eyes.

B, the aiming eye.

C, the arrow.

D, the object directly looked at.

A D and B D, the axes of the eyes.

E, false point of aim.

A B, the two eyes.

A, the aiming eye.

C, the arrow.

D, the object directly looked at.

A D and B D, the axes of the eyes.

E, false point of aim.

For instance: suppose the archer to be shooting at such a distance that his point of aim is included in the gold; he of course will bring the point of his arrow to bear upon it, just as a rifleman would his sights; that is, the point will touch the axis of the aiming eye. But if the arrow itself be inclined, say to the right of the axis (as in the pull to the ear it would be), it will fly away some distance to the left of the object looked at. And the converse of this will be true also; for if it incline to the left of the axis it will then fly off to the right; the archer in these cases being in the position of a marksman who instead of keeping his foresight in a line with his backsight has deliberately adjusted the aperture of his backsight to the right or left of the bead at the muzzle of his weapon with reference to the object aimed at.

An example that came within Mr. Ford's personal knowledge will afford a perfect illustration, and will be useful for the possible solution of similar cases. An archer had shot for many years, but invariably found that if ever his arrow pointed (as it seemed to him) in a straight line with the centre of the target it persistently flew off to the left of it five or six yards, even at the short distances (see fig. 43, where the arrow BC, though pointing in the direction BE, appeared to the shooter to be aimed at D). He was therefore obliged to make an allowance and to point his arrow that much to the right (see fig. 42, where the arrow BC, though pointed straight to D, appeared to the archer to be pointing in the direction AE). In vain he sought a solution of this anomaly. All could tell him that there was something faulty; but, as everything in his style and mode of action appeared correct, that something remained a mystery, until it was ultimately discovered that, though the arrow was held directly beneath the axis of the right eye (this being also open), this archer actually used his left eye to aim with. It will be readily seen why the discrepancy existed between his aim and the flight of his arrow, the fact being that the arrow did not appear to the shooter to be pointing towards the object at D until it touched the axis of his left eye, and consequently not until its direction pointed far away to the left of the mark (see fig. 43). On closing the left eye the direction of the arrow's flight and the aim coincided, because the eye beneath whose axis the arrow lay became the eye with which the aim was taken.

As to whether the direct vision should be applied to the mark to be hit or to the point of aim, the argument is all in favour of the latter. For the point of aim must of necessity be in relation to the mark—either in the same vertical line with it or outside that line. If outside, then the direct vision must certainly be upon the point of aim; otherwise the arrow cannot lie directly beneath the axis of the aiming eye, which has already been shown to be necessary. Therefore the only question remaining to be decided is, When the mark falls in the same vertical line with the point of aim, which of the two should be directly looked at? Here again an argument can be adduced to determine the choice in favour of the latter; for when the point of aim is above the mark the latter will be hidden from the right or aiming eye by the necessary raising of the left or bow hand, as may be easily proved by the closing of the left eye; therefore the direct vision cannot be applied to the mark, though it may be applied to the point of aim. There now remains but one case, namely, when the point of aim falls below the mark, but in the same vertical line with it; and here (though either of them may in this case be regarded with the direct vision) as no reasoning or argument can be adduced for violating or departing from the rule shown to be necessary in the other cases; and as it is easier to view the point of aim directly and the mark indirectly than the contrary, because the point of aim will necessarily lie between the mark and the arrow's axis; and as uniformity of practice is highly desirable, the application of direct vision to the point of aim in every case is most strongly recommended. This teaching was quite contrary to that taught by all the old-fashioned writers, who maintained that the eye, or eyes, should be kept always intently fixed upon the mark to be hit. It is probable that even those archers who imagine that they regard directly the mark only, do so only in the case when the mark and the point of aim coincide (which with each archer may be called his point-blank[5] range); and this is analogous to all rifle practice, where from any cause allowance must be made.

It must be borne in mind that all these remarks apply only to target lengths. As regards aiming at very long distances, when the mark and the point of aim are too far apart to be sufficiently seen in conjunction, no scientific principle can be laid down for the guidance of an archer. Practice alone will give him a knowledge of the power of his bow, and the angle of elevation required to throw up the arrow as far as the mark. If the distance to be shot be a known and a fixed one-for instance, two hundred yards—the necessary calculations are more or less attainable; but the great distance renders the result so uncertain as to prevent anything approaching to the accuracy of aim attainable at the customary target distances. If the mark be a varying and uncertain one, as in Roving, the archer is entirely dependent upon his judgment of distances. This sort of shooting, though very interesting, must be attended with a great amount of uncertainty; but, as in every other case, the more judicious practice be applied the greater will be the success.

No hard-and-fast rules can be laid down for deciding where the point of aim ought to be at any particular distance, as this is dependent upon a great variety of circumstances—as strength of bows, and the sharpness and dulness of their cast, heavy or light arrows, a quick or sluggish loose, and the varying force of different winds. One archer will find his point-blank range at 120 yards, whilst another can get a point-blank aim on the target, at 60 yards even, by raising his loosing hand so high that the angle between the axis of his aiming eye and the axis of the arrow is very small. It is now many years ago since two toxophilites, using bows of about fifty pounds in weight, with five-shilling arrows of the old-fashioned manner of feathering, and employing the same position (about three inches below the chin) of the right hand for the loose at each of the three usual distances of 100, 80, and 60 yards, found that the point of aim at 100 yards was about the target's diameter (4 feet) above the target, whilst the point of aim at 80 yards was about the same measure below the target, and the point of aim at 60 yards was at a spot about fifteen paces from the shooter.

It would have been highly interesting if Mr. H. A. Ford, who was always most faithful to his own dogma that the loosing hand must be brought to the same position at the loose, had published some account of his own points of aim, which must have had a very wide range of variation from those of his best period, when he was using 56 lb. bows, and arrows 29 inches in length, up to the time of his last appearance as Champion, in 1867 at Brighton, when, with weak bows and light arrows, his score was 1,037, with 215 hits.

The late ingenious Mr. James Spedding, who always touched some button on his coat-collar with his loosing hand, contrived a 'sight' upon his bow, which obviated the necessity of a point of aim. This was a bright metal bead such as is at the muzzle of a gun. This at the upper end of a slight metal rod (in fact, a bright-headed pin), and fitted into a groove added to the back of the bow (in which it could at will be lowered or raised), gave him a point of aim on the centre of the target at distances where his natural (may it be called?) point of aim would have been beneath the target. With this contrivance, the slightest variation in the slope of the bow distorted the aim.

The American contrivance of the peep-sight is a very minute instrument, with a still smaller aperture. This is shifted up and down the bowstring, and, when correctly adjusted, the aiming eye should just catch sight of the centre of the target through the aperture. This instrument is confessedly useless except for very weak bows, and the smallest trembling even would put it off the aim, and blind, as it were, the aiming eye.

An Irish shot, the late Captain Whitla, succeeded in getting his aim on the target at all the three distances by varying the strength and cast of his bows, using his best and strongest at 100 yards, then one that was slower and weaker at 80 yards, and trusting himself to a slug like a broomstick at 60 yards.

Another archer (with the same bow at all distances) got his aim upon the target when shooting at 100 yards by touching with the thumb of his right hand about the position of the right collar-bone. When shooting at 80 yards he got his aim again on the target by raising his hand so high that his thumb, now coiled up and close to the root of the first finger, with its top joint touched beneath the chin. And at 60 yards he still obtained an aim on the target by raising the loosing hand higher, so that the same point of the thumb touched the right corner of his mouth. It is believed that in this case the gradual contraction of the angle between the axis of the eye and of the arrow led to a shorter draw at the nearer distances.

One class of archers, though implied in previous discussions, should also be treated separately, as they may be more in number than is generally supposed, namely, those who, because the left eye is the best of the two, or, from constant and incurable habit, aim with the left eye, though shooting, as it is called, right-handed, i.e. holding the bow in the left hand. Such archers should, if the peculiarity be detected in time, be recommended to shoot with the bow in the right hand. Possibly more than one most promising archer has been kept on the top rung but one of the ladder of fame by trying to force his weaker right eye to do the work that might have been much better done by the left one. It has also been already explained that, where physical peculiarities admit it, this right-handed shooting with the left eye gives the archer a slight mechanical advantage, as the divergence from the line of force may be thus contracted.

To conclude the subject of aiming, it is not pretended that shutting one eye and aiming with the other is wrong, but that it is better, though occasionally closing one eye for experiments, to use the other eye for aiming with, the one being diligently trained to keep in the background, attending solely to its own subordinate functions.

CHAPTER X.

OF HOLDING AND LOOSING

HOLDING.

By holding is meant keeping the arrow fully drawn before it is loosed. Ascham has made this his fourth point of archery; and but little can be added to what he has said on the subject. 'Holding,' he says, 'must not be longe, for it bothe putteth a bowe in ieopardy, and also marreth a man's shoote; it must be so lytle yat it may be perceyued better in a man's mynde when it is done, than scene with a man's eyes when it is in doyng.' This represents so exactly what holding, at its best, should be, that it needs only be added that this almost imperceptible pause before the act of loosing serves to steady the arm and perfect the aim, and is a great assistance to the obtaining of a certain and even loose. It is therefore, in company with the other points of archery, most necessary to be cultivated if successful hitting is to be the result. But let no archer think to arrive at this perfection of holding by grasping his bow as tight as he possibly can from first to last. The grasp should be gradually tightened as the strain of the draw is increased; otherwise too much toil is given to the bow-hand, and it will fail in the loose. One very successful shot had so many faults that his success was always a surprise; yet he had this invariable virtue, that, though it was obvious that he held his bow quite loosely during the draw, at the final pause his grasp was visibly tightened most firmly.

Mention should not be omitted of the sadly false conception many archers have of holding when fully drawn. This they exhibit by constantly letting the arrow creep out whilst they appear to be taking aim, as though they were quite incapable of checking its impatience to be off. This is a most dangerous fault, and must be most carefully guarded against.

MAJOR C. H. FISHER, CHAMPION ARCHER FOR THE YEARS 1871-2-3-4.

LOOSING.

After the bow has been drawn up to its proper extent, and the aim correctly taken, there still remains one more point which the archer must achieve successfully before he can ensure the correct and desired flight of his arrow to its mark; and this is the point of loosing, which term is applied to the act of quitting or freeing the string from the fingers of the right hand which retain it. It is the last of Ascham's famous 'Quintette,' wherein, though he does not say much, yet what he does say is so much to the point that it may well be quoted. 'It must be so quycke and hard yet it be wyth oute all guides, so softe and gentle that the shafte flye not as it were sente out of a bow case. The meane betwixt bothe, whyche is the perfyte lowsynge, is not so hard to be folowed in shootynge as it is to be descrybed in the teachyng. For cleane lowsynge you must take hede of hyttynge anythynge aboute you. And for the same purpose Leo the Emperour would haue al archers in war to haue both theyr heades pouled and there berdes shauen, lest the heare of theyr heades should stop the syght of the eye, the heere of theyr berdes hinder the course of the strynge.'

This loosing is the archer's crowning difficulty; for no matter how correct and perfect may be all the rest of his performance, the result will infallibly prove a failure, and end in disappointment, unless the loose also be successfully mastered. Upon this the flight of the arrow mainly depends, and to how great an extent this may be affected by it may be gathered from the fact that the same bow with a like weight of arrow and length of pull will cast many yards further in the hands of one man than it will in those of another, owing solely and entirely to the different manner in which the string shall have been quitted.

No arguments are necessary to prove how delicate an operation it is in archery to loose well, and to accomplish, with the evenness, smoothness, and unvarying similarity necessary for accurate hitting, the consummating effort, including as it does on the one side of an instant the greatest exertion of muscles that on the other side of that instant are in perfect repose. But considerable misapprehension exists amongst archers as to what is a good loose, it being often thought that if an extreme sharpness of flight be communicated to the arrow, it is conclusive evidence as to the goodness of the loose, without reference to the consideration that this extreme sharpness of loose seldom produces steadily successful hitting at any distance, and still less frequently is effective at all the distances. A thoroughly good loose cannot exist unless accuracy of hitting as well as keenness of flight be the combined result; and if the two cannot be obtained together, a slower flight with accuracy rises immeasurably superior to the rapid flight with uncertainty.

The flight of an arrow keenly loosed is as fair to view as that of any bird, whilst the flight of an arrow that is badly loosed is as uninteresting as the staggerings of a drunken man. This is quite apart from the consideration of hitting the object aimed at; but when the question resolves itself into this practical form—'Is it possible for the same mode of loosing to give the utmost rapidity of flight and at the same time certainty of line and elevation?'—the consensus of experience should be in the negative. There is no denying that a few successive arrows may be shot accurately in this way, but during any prolonged period the inaccuracy of flight is sure to be such as to render the average shooting inferior. The difficulty, amounting almost to an impossibility, of obtaining a loose which shall combine great sharpness and accuracy of flight at the same time arises from the fact that such a loose requires, to obtain that sharpness, that the fingers of the right hand be snatched away from the string with such suddenness and rapidity as to compromise the second quality of accuracy—such a sudden jerk of the string endangering the steadiness of the left arm at the final moment, and, by its unavoidable irregularity, not only having a tendency to drag the string and consequently the arrow out of the proper line of flight, but also simultaneously to vary the elevation. Excepting for long-distance shooting, then, a very sharp loose cannot be recommended; nevertheless, in case he may be at any time engaged therein, the archer perfect at all points should have it under his command.

The different looses may now be divided into the slashing loose, which may degenerate into the snatch or may be improved into the steady continuous loose. The chief contrast to this is the dead loose, which in strong hands is very useful. This consists of the simple opening of the fingers for the escape of the string, and is liable to degenerate into the creeping loose, which need not be further referred to except for the purpose of again urging its avoidance. Another loose, which may be called an active loose, is an appreciable improvement upon the dead loose in that the fingers at the loosing instant are withdrawn from the string, though without any further draw, and will be found, after the escape of the string, to have resumed their previous position—i.e. curled up instead of being sprawled out straight as is the case in the dead loose. The only remaining loose may be called the lively loose, and consists of a short and quick additional draw, after the aim has been taken, of say from half an inch to three inches, and finished with an active loose, and care must be taken to prevent the degeneration of this into a snatch.

Before the final treatment of the loose be entered upon, it will be useful to consider how the different sorts of shooting-gloves and finger-tips affect this intricate operation. Doubtless in the times when the English archer was in such high repute in battle, the only loose suitable to the old glove was the slash, as the only method of quitting the string, which, with the strongest bow each individual could use, must, for the longest pull on such bow, have been gripped as close as possible to the inside of the knuckles of the last joints of the two or three fingers used. No other loose could be employed with any chance of obtaining full results from the work done, and it is evident from the Acts of Parliament on the subject that in the archer's drill none but long-distance shooting was countenanced. The comparatively modern finger-tips or thimbles connected by straps at the back of the hand and buckled on round the wrist must have been used with the same slashing sort of loose. But, with the old tab made of horse-butt leather, and all the different neatly-fitting tips with catches that have been invented long since the commencement of the public meetings at which York Rounds are shot, a much steadier and quieter loose may be obtained without wasting any of the work done; but, it must be admitted, with the general result that there is some slight decrease in the average strength of the bows that are used now. Moreover, it has been found that in the closely-contested matches of the present times the slashing sort of loose stands at a positive disadvantage at the shorter ranges.

FIG. 46.

With the glove and tab and tips without catches the best loose may be obtained with the fingers extended as far as is compatible with the retention of the string; and, by applying the fingers almost diagonally to the string, a very firm grip is secured combined with much facility of liberation (fig. 46, p. 128). With the help of catches on the tips the string can be taught to rest at any intermediate point on the last joint or third phalanx of either of the fingers—it will be found more convenient here to use the word phalanx for each part of the finger, each finger having three phalanges, first, second, and third—and the most entirely different hold on the string to the one previously described is that where the fingers are almost completely curled up (fig. 45); with an active or lively loose the string may be very sharply quitted with this hold, but it is more liable to strain the fingers, unless the bow be weak, and the high-set catch, though more popular twenty years ago, is now very little used. With a strong common glove and all four fingers on the string, this extreme position has been known to contribute to first-rate scores at all the distances, and it is probably the necessary position when four fingers are used.

FIG. 45.

The intermediate position between these two extremes will probably be found the best, and this may be thus described.

The third phalanx of the middle finger should be as nearly as possible at right angles with the line of the drawn-up arrow.

The second phalanx will make an obtuse angle with the third, and the first about the same obtuse angle with the second; and these obtuse angles will vary in individual instances according to the stiffness or suppleness of the finger-joints.

The back of the hand will incline slightly away from the line through the forearm, so that the line from the elbow through the wrist may be quite straight with the same line continued through the wrist to the position of the string on the fingers at A. The positions of the phalanges of the first and third fingers will vary from those of the second finger, as shown in fig. 44.

FIG. 44.

This position of the string across the fingers should be neither too near to nor too far from the tips, as too great a grip necessitates a drag or a jerk to free the fingers, besides exposing more surface to the friction of the string in passing over it; whilst an insufficient hold of the string weakens the shooter's command over it, and renders the giving way of the finger a constant occurrence. It is therefore recommended that the string be placed as nearly as possible midway between the tips and first joints of the fingers.

Now a good loose may be described as possessing the characteristic that the fingers do not go forward one hair's breadth with the string, but their action is, as it were, a continuance of the draw rather than an independent movement, yet accompanied with just enough additional muscular action in a direction away from the bow and simultaneous expansion of the last joints of the fingers at the final instant of quitting the string as to admit of its instantaneous freedom from all and each of them at the same identical moment of time; for should one finger linger on the string but the minutest moment longer than its fellows, or should all or any of them follow forward with the string in the slightest degree, the loose will be faulty and the shot a probable failure. So slight, however, is this muscular movement that, though a distinct and appreciable fact to the mind of the shooter, it is hardly if at all perceptible to the lookers-on, as in a good loose the fingers should instantly recover their holding position, but will be at a slight though appreciable distance further from the bow consequent upon the combined effect of the removal of the pulling weight of the bow and the loosing effort. A passage out of Mr. Townsend's article, 'How should the String be Loosed,' in the 'Archer's Register for 1866-7,' may here be quoted. 'The string of the bow having been pulled to the fullest extent intended, and the pause having been felt or made, next comes the loose; and, as this must be effected by an opening of the fingers, the tendency of the string would be to run forward, if ever so little, during the opening; and, as the whole spring [cast] of the bow is not given to the string [and arrow] until it is altogether freed from the fingers, so, to prevent [the] loss of power, the pulling hand and arm are drawn so much further back, as the opening of the fingers would allow the string to run forward before it is altogether released. Thus the string in reality remains stationary or nearly so [quite so] during the loose; and the fingers are freed without going one hair's breadth forward with the string.'

As an assistance towards this instantaneous recovery of the loosing fingers, some archers wore silver rings round the first phalanges of their three fingers, and these rings were connected by india-rubber straps with the finger-tips, thus compelling the first and third phalanges to approximate, as described in the Mason tips.

Mr. Townsend's 'india-rubber practising apparatus' has not been seen for many years, though of great assistance in experiments and in correcting faults and general improvement of drawing and loosing.

Some archers use only the first and second fingers, and the loose thus obtained possesses the advantage that the string when quitting the fingers has less surface in contact with it.

Mr. Ford's own latest loose was from the first and third fingers, with the second finger packed upon the back of the first finger for its support; and he has been heard to declare that this arrangement of the fingers gives the best loose possible, as already described.

One of the commonest faults at the present day is the habit of making the third finger do more than its fair share of work. Evidence of this failing may be found in the fact that blisters are far more common on the third finger than on either of the others, and a frequent result is that the muscles of the third finger get strained and even partially torn from their attachments. This is one of the most frequent causes of the breakdown of archers who practise much. This may be avoided and the loose much improved by turning the backs of the fingers while drawing slightly upwards, and inwards, and thus exerting more pressure with the forefinger. An example of what is meant may be seen in the picture (opp. p. 122) of Major Fisher, whose loose is remarkably good. Here it will be seen that the line of the knuckles is not perpendicular, but slopes outwards and downwards from the knuckle of the forefinger to that of the fourth.

The utility of catches on the finger-tips has already been explained in a previous chapter, but may be further mentioned in connection with the loose as contributing by an invariable hold on the string to a constant repetition of exactly the same loose.

Especial care must be taken that, whilst loosing, the left arm must maintain its position firmly and unwaveringly, and must not give way at the final moment in the slightest degree in the direction towards the right hand, as arrows constantly dropping short are the certain consequence of any such shrinking of the bow-arm—the same injurious effect being produced on their flight as when the fingers of the right hand are allowed to go forward with the string. This yielding of the left arm is of more constant occurrence than archers will generally admit, and is the cause of many an arrow, otherwise correctly treated, missing its mark. This failing is not unfrequently the result of too much practice. All must be firm to the last, and the attention of the shooter should never be relaxed for a single instant until the arrow has actually left the bow. But, though this firmness be necessary for the shooting of an arrow it is not necessary, however satisfactory the result or good the attitude, to remain for some seconds in rivalry with the Apollo Belvedere; the bow-arm should, if possible, be instantly and quietly moved to the left whilst the next arrow is procured from the quiver or whilst the shooting station is given up to the next in order; and this leftward motion of the left arm will correct the very general tendency there is to throw the upper horn of the bow to the right and downwards convulsively, which is a very frequent and unsightly antic. Many of the other objectionable antics already referred to are brought to perfection at this instant, and should also be most carefully avoided.

CHAPTER XI.

OF DISTANCE SHOOTING, AND DIFFERENT ROUNDS

The attention may now be turned to the results obtained by the use of the bow and arrow.

The best notion of the old practice of archery may be gained from a review of the ancient butts or shooting-fields of our ancestors. These shooting-grounds were evidently attached to every town (if not also village) in the kingdom, as may be gathered from the universal survival of the local name of Butts. There is extant 'A plan of all the marks belonging to the Honourable Artillery Company in the fields near Finsbury, with the true distance as they stood, Anno 1737, for the use of long-bows, cross-bows, hand guns, and artillery.' These marks all have different appellations, and there is but one single instance of a repetition of the same distance between one of these marks and the other.

The ground on which these marks were situated appears to extend from a mark called Castle[6] to Islington Common, and there were two sets of actual butts at the Islington end. The distance between the one pair of these butts is given as six score and ten yards—i.e. 130 yards. The distance between the other pair is not given in the plan, but it appears to be less than half of the other, and is probably about sixty yards. The whole length of these shooting-fields appears to be about one mile on the plan; and this is about the actual distance between the Artillery Ground and the 'Angel,' Islington. The longest distance between any of the two marks is thirteen score and five yards—i.e. 265 yards—between Turk's Whale and Absoly. Here follow the names of the marks; and these may possibly be still traced in the neighbourhood in some instances. The distances are also given.

The start is made from 'Castle.'

Score yards

Yards

From Castle to Gard stone

9·5

185

From Gard stone to Arnold

10·0

200

From Arnold to Turk's Whale

8·4

164

From Turk's Whale to Lambeth

3·13

73

From Lambeth to Westminster Hall

11·7

227

From Westminster Hall to White Hall

11·2

222

From White Hall to Pitfield

7·17

157

From Pitfield[7]      to Nevil's House or 'Rosemary Branch'

9·17

197

Total yards

1425

At 'Nevil's House' there appears to be a break in the marks, but they are taken up again at the 'Levant.'

Score yards

Yards

From the Levant to Welch Hall

8·18

178

From Welch Hall to Butt (1)

11·11

231

From Butt(1) to Butt(2) on Islington Common

6·18

138

And, on going back to Welch Hall, from Welch Hall to Egg-Pye

10·10

210

Total yards

757

Here there is another break.

To continue the round of the marks on the return journey without going over the same distance twice, return to Pitfield.

Score yards

Yards

From Pitfield to Bob Peek

11·3

223

From Bob Peek to Old Absoly

8·12

172

From Old Absoly to Pitfield

10·16

216

From Pitfield to Edw. Gold

6·11

131

From Edw. Gold to Jehu

9·9

189

From Jehu to Old Absoly

8·17

177

From Old Absoly to Scarlet

9·11

191

From Scarlet to Edw. Gold

7·2

142

From Edw. Gold to White Hall

12·2

242

From White Hall to Scarlet

12·2

242

From Scarlet to Jehu

4·2

82

From Jehu to Blackwell Hall

9·18

198

From Blackwell Hall to Scarlet

9·6

186

From Scarlet to Star or Dial

9·14

194

From Star or Dial to White Hall

7·0

140

Total yards

2725

Returning to Star or Dial:—

Score yards

Yards

From Star or Dial to Westminster Hall

8·8

168

From Westminster Hall to Dial or Monument

8·4

164

From Dial or Monument to Star or Dial

9·9

189

From Star or Dial to Blackwell Hall

13·5

185

From Blackwell Hall to Old Speering

9·1

129

From Old Speering to Star or Dial

9·16

196

Total yards

1031

Returning to Blackwell Hall:—

Score yards

Yards

From Blackwell Hall to Dial or Monument

10·16

216

From Dial or Monument to Lambeth

6·10

130

From Lambeth to Old Speering

10·8

208

Total yards

554

Returning to Lambeth:—

Score yards

Yards

From Lambeth to Day's Deed

8·14

174

From Day's Deed to Turk's Whale

9·12

192

From Turk's Whale to Absoly (longest)

13·5

265

From Absoly to Arnold

9·1

181

From Arnold to Blood House Bridge

7·14

154

Total yards

966

Returning to Day's Deed:—

Score yards

Yards

From Day's Deed to Absoly

9·11

191

From Absoly to Gard stone

9·15

195

Total yards

386

The sum of all these distances amounts to about 4-1/2 miles, being actually 4 miles and 804 yards. There is a pathway extending the whole distance from Blood House Bridge to Islington Common. There are boggy places set down as lying between Turk's Whale and Absoly, and Turk's Whale and Day's Deed. There is also a bog located between the two nearest butts, which must have been inconvenient; also a pond on one side, and another bog on the other side of them.

Two other measurements are given—namely, fifteen score and eight yards, or 308 yards, for the length of a garden wall lying some yards to the right of the White Hall and Pitfield marks; and sixteen score and two yards, or 322 yards, in the same neighbourhood, close by the pathway, and indicating about the distance between Star or Dial and Edw. Gold.

The widest part of these shooting-fields seems to be at about this same part—viz. from White Hall to Scarlet 242 yards, and on to Jehu 82 yards, a total width of 324 yards; and the narrowest part extends from Nevil's House to Islington Common, in which narrow part are both the sets of butts.

There appear to be some eight or ten fields included in the plan, with hedges indicated, but there is no appearance of either a road or a pathway crossing them.

These marks, giving a great variety of distances, from the shortest of 73 yards between Turk's Whale and Lambeth to the longest of 265 already particularised, seem admirably calculated for the training of the old English archer and the teaching him readily to calculate the various distances at any time between himself and his enemy; and it is worthy of observation that all these distances are well within the belief of modern archers as such distances as—bearing in mind that there is no evidence of general deterioration—our ancestors could easily compass, seeing that there are well-authenticated instances of lengths somewhat beyond 300 yards having been attained in modern times without any lengthened special training.

In these fields no doubt was seen the clout shooting, which is still kept up by the Woodmen of Arden, at Meriden in Warwickshire, and by the archers of the Scottish Bodyguard at Edinburgh.

This style of shooting is so called from the aim having been taken at any white mark (cloth, etc.), placed at a fixed distance; but the clout in use now is a white target with a black centre, set slantwise on the ground. The distances vary from 180 to 240 yards, and this latter distance may be taken as about the extreme range of this style of shooting in olden times; as Shakespeare mentions (2 Henry IV. iii. 2) that 'old Double,' who 'drew a good bow,' and 'shot a fine shoot,' 'would have clapped i' the clout at twelve score, and carried you a forehand shaft a fourteen and fourteen and a half, that it would have done a man's heart good to see.' As the clout is but rarely hit, the arrow nearest to it at each end, if within three bows' lengths (about eighteen feet) of it, counts as in bowls and quoits.

When the Grand National Archery Meeting was held at Edinburgh in 1850, some of this shooting was introduced, with the result that, out of 2,268 shots at 180 yards, there were 10 hits, and out of 888 shots at 200 yards there were 5 hits.

At the meetings at Meriden stands a marker right in front of this clout, whose duty it is to signal back to each archer, when he has shot, whether his arrow fall short, or go too far, or wide, and—to avoid being hit himself.

The ordinary target arrows may be used in this practice up to the distance of 200 yards, but beyond this distance much stronger bows or flight arrows must be employed.

In these fields, too, would be kept up the practice of roving, or taking, as the object to be aimed at, not these or any known mark, but some stray or accidental mark. This practice must have been valuable in olden times in testing the knowledge of distances acquired at the different fixed marks, and it would still be interesting as an amusement, but it is not now so easy to find grounds sufficiently open for the purpose. Where there is sufficient space for golf links, roving might still be practised, and already the golfer's ball and the archer's arrow have been matched together between hole and hole.

Of flight-shooting, or shooting with flight or light arrows, it may be said that such practice was probably in vogue in old times for the purpose of annoying the enemy whilst at a distance, or in such a ruse as is described by Hall in his account of the battle of Towton in 1461, when 'The Lord Fawconbridge, which led the forward of King Edwardes battail, beinge a man of great Polyce, and of much experience in Marciall feates, caused every archer under his standard to shoot one flight (which before he caused them to provyde), and then made them to stand still. The Northern men, felyng the shoot, but by reason of the snow not wel vewyng the distaunce betwene them and their enemies, like hardy men shot their schefe arrowes as fast as they might, but al their shot was lost and their labor vayn, for thei came not nere the Southern men by xl. tailors' yerdes.'

Flight-shooting has also been used in experiments to determine the extreme casts of different weights and kinds of bows, and the greatest range attainable by the power and skill of individual archers. As a result of such experiments, it may be stated that very few archers can cover more, or even as much as, 300 yards. To attain this range, a bow of at least sixty-two or sixty-three pounds must not only be used but thoroughly mastered, not merely as regards the drawing, but in respect of quickness and sharpness of loose also.

The only remaining style of shooting in vogue in old times—that at the butts or mounds of earth—was known as prick-shooting, a small mark being fixed upon the butt and shot at from various distances. This style of shooting was probably popular even then, as many of the Acts of Parliament are levelled against it, on account of its interfering with the more robust practice of the long distances necessary for the purpose of war. This prick-shooting next became known as the paper game, when cardboard, and paper stretched on canvas, were placed on the butts. It is not very clear when such targets as are now in use came into fashion, with their gaudy heraldic faces. The distances employed for this butt-shooting appear to have been differently calculated from the lengths in the longer-distance shooting, an obsolete measure of 7-1/2 yards, known as an archer's rood, having been employed; and the butt-shooting in vogue at the revival of archery in 1781 was at the distances of 4, 8, 12, and 16 roods, or 30, 60, 90, and 120 yards; and the modern distances of 60 yards, 80 yards, and 100 yards do not seem to have come into use until they were mentioned towards the end of the last century as Princes' lengths at the annual contests held in the grounds of the Royal Toxophilite Society, for the possession of the silver bugles presented by their patron, George IV., then Prince of Wales.

About the date of the Introduction of the York Round in 1844, two other rounds were in use amongst archers and in archery clubs. These were the St. Leonard's Round, which first consisted of 75 arrows at 60 yards only, but afterwards of 36 arrows at 80 yards, and 39 arrows at 60 yards; and the St. George's Round, consisting of 36 arrows at each of the distances of 100 yards, 80 yards, and 60 yards, the round of the St. George's Archers, who occupied grounds in St. John's Wood, near London.

The York Round, having been now firmly established for more than forty years as the round appointed to be shot at all the public archery meetings, has become the acknowledged test of excellence in bow practice, and all other rounds have dropped out of use with the exception of the round known as the National Round, which is practised by ladies at the public meetings, and consists of 48 arrows at 60 yards and 24 arrows at 50 yards; and of 48 arrows at 80 yards and 24 arrows at 60 yards, as practised by gentlemen at meetings where the 100 yards shooting is omitted.

CHAPTER XII.

ARCHERY SOCIETIES, 'RECORDS,' ETC.

Prince Arthur, the elder brother of King Henry VIII., enjoys the reputation of having been an expert archer, and it is believed that in his honour a good shot was named after him; but as he was born in 1486 and died in 1502, his skill in the craft cannot have had time to arrive at maturity, though even in modern times a stripling has occasionally snatched the palm of success from the more mature experts.

That King Henry VIII. took a deep interest in archery as necessary for the safety and glory of his kingdom is quite certain, and the various Acts of Parliament passed in the course of his reign (3 Henry VIII. ch. 3, 4, 13; 6 Henry VIII. ch. 2, 11, 13; 14 & 15 Henry VIII. ch. 7; 25 Henry VIII. ch. 17; and 33 Henry VIII. 6 & 9) sufficiently prove his determination to stimulate the more frequent use of the long bow. But, apart from his public encouragement of archery, he took personal interest in it himself, and, being a famous athlete, he was no doubt as successful with his bow as his natural impatience would allow. The following extracts from the accounts of his privy purse for the year 1531, when he was forty-one years of age, may be taken as the nearest approach to his actual scores that can be reached. The late Lord Dudley's score at 60 yards, when shooting with one of the best shots at that distance, at one guinea per arrow, must have shown an equally unfavourable balance:—

'20 March.—Paied to George Coton for vij shottes loste by the Kinges Grace unto him at Totehill at vjs. viijd. the shotte xlvjs. viijd.

'29 March.—Paied to George Gifford for so moche money he wanne of the Kinges Grace unto him at Totehill at shoting xijs. vjd.

'13 May.—Paied to George Coton for that he wanne of the Kinges Grace at the Roundes the laste day of April iijl.

'3 June.—Paied to George Coton for so moche money by him wonne of the Kinges Grace at bettes in shoting vijl. iis.'

And again on the last day of June there were 'paied to the iii Cotons for three settes which the King had lost to them in Greenwich Park xxl. and vjs. viijd. more to one of them for one up shotte.'

This George Coton (Cotton) is probably the same person who was governor to the Duke of Richmond, the King's natural son.

On January 31, 1531, 'paied to Byrde Yoeman of the Kinges bowes for making the Roundes at Totehill by the Kinges commandment xijs. viijd.'

The musters, or what we should now call reviews, were at this time held in the Tothill Fields.

Sir W. Cavendish, the historian of Cardinal Wolsey, thus speaks of his interview with the King in 1530, when he was the bearer of the news of the death[8] of Wolsey to the King, then staying at Hampton Court. (See Cavendish's 'Wolsey,' 1827, p. 396.)

'Upon the morrow (of St. Nicholas Eve, 1530) I was sent for by the King to come to his grace; and being in Master Kingston's chamber in the Court (Hampton Court), had knowledge thereof, and repairing to the King, found him shooting at the rounds in the park, on the backside of the garden.

'And perceiving him occupied in shooting, thought it not my duty to trouble him: but leaned to a tree, intending to stand there, and to attend his gracious pleasure. Being in a great study, at last the King came suddenly behind me, where I stood, and clapped his hand upon my shoulder; and, when I perceived him, I fell upon my knee. To whom he said, calling me by name, "I will," quoth he, "make an end of my game, and then will I talk with you," and so he departed to his mark, whereat the game was ended.

'Then the King delivered his bow unto the yeoman of his bows, and went his way inward to the palace, whom I followed.'

Sir Thos. Elyot, the first edition of whose book, the 'Governour,' was printed in 1531, devoted chapter xxvii. to the praise of the long bow, and was the earliest writer on the subject of archery, unless the unknown author of the 'Book of King Modus,' which is said by Hansard ('Book of Archery,' 1840, p. 210) to be 'preserved in the royal library at Paris,' wrote about two centuries and a half before the 'Toxophilus,' by Roger Ascham, was printed in 1545.

Neither Elyot nor Ascham makes any mention of the societies of archers known as the Fraternities of St. George and of Prince Arthur, but something of the kind is plainly indicated by Richard Mulcaster in his book, the 'Positions,' published in 1581, where he quaintly says, 'This exercise' (archery) 'I do like best generally of any rounde stirring without the dores, upon the causes before alleaged: which, if I did not that worthy man our late learned countriman Maister Askam, would be halfe angrie with me though he were of milde disposition, who both for the trayning of the Archer to his bowe and the scholler to his booke, hath showed himselfe a cunning archer and a skilful maister.

'In the middest of so many earnest matters I may be allowed to intermingle one which hath a relice of mirthe: for in praysing of Archerie as a principall exercise to the preseruing of health how can I but prayse them who profess it thoroughly and maintain it nobly, the friendly and franke fellowship of Prince Arthur's knights in and about the Citie of London which of late yeares have so reuiued the exercise, so countenaunced the artificers, so inflamed emulation, as in themselues for friendly meting, in workmen for good gayning, in companies for earnest comparing, it is almost growne to an orderly discipline, to cherishe louing society, to enriche labouring pouerty, to maintaine honest actiuitie, which their so encouraging the under trauellours, and so increasing the healthfull traine, if I had sacred to silence would not my good friend in the Citie, Maister Heugh Offley, and the same my noble fellow in that order, Syr Launcelot, at our next meeting haue giuen me a sowre nodde, being the chief furtherer of the fact, which I commend, and the famousest knight of the fellowship, which I am of? Nay, would not even Prince Arthur himself, Maister Thomas Smith, and the whole table of those wel known knights, and most actiue Archers haue layd in their challeng against their fellow knight, if, speaking of their pastime, I should haue spared their names? Whereunto I am easily led bycause the exercise deseruing suche prayse, they that loue so prayseworthy a thing, neither can themselues, neither ought at my hande to be hudled up in silence.'

In 'the Auncient order Societie and unitie laudable of Prince Arthure and his Knightly Armory of the Round Table London, 1583,' Richard Robinson says, 'King Henry VIII. not onely ... proceeded with what his Father had begun,' by keeping up a body guard of archers, 'but also added greater dignity ... by his gracious charter confirmed unto the worshipful citizens (of London) ... this your now famous Order of Knights of Prince Arthure's Round Table or Society.'

But when the practice of archery was enforced by Act of Parliament, and there were shooting butts and fields at hand almost everywhere for the use of those who took a genuine interest in the exercise, there could be but little reason for the introduction of archery societies and clubs. The meetings for the exhibition of skill would be the regular musters.

How different the position of archery would have been if, instead of clamouring for and getting passed irksome Acts of Parliament, compelling all to shoot, archers, bowmakers, fletchers and others had started a National Long-Bow Association with State sanction and encouragement for the promotion of this exercise and the reward of the most successful shots!

As in early times there were great musters or reviews of companies of archers, of whom the sole actual survivor is the Royal Body-Guard of Scotland (the Archers Company of the Honourable Artillery Company, itself originally a body of archers, was revived late in the last century, and is now represented by the Royal Toxophilite Society) for military display; and local festivities, and wardmotes, as still maintained by the Woodmen of Arden (revived in 1785) and the Scorton Arrow Meetings (dating back to 1673), for the glorification of the best local shots; and the daily use of the long-bow for exercise and sport, i.e. killing of game; so now there are the meetings of the Grand National Archery Society, established for the peaceable purpose of annually rewarding the champion and championess and other illustrious archers, as hereafter set out in the full account of these meetings, and also the local public meetings of similar character also given; and in addition to these there are the meetings of the numerous archery societies and clubs in different localities, and the constant private practice either at home or on club grounds.

Nothing is now to be gained by insisting upon the marked inferiority of the 'incomparable archers' who flourished towards the close of the eighteenth and in the first half of the present centuries, as compared with the many strong and accurate shots who have displayed their skill since the establishment of the Grand National Archery Meetings. Mr. H. A. Ford seems to have been unable to find any records of shooting at 100 yards where more than one-half of the shots were hits, though he says (p. 112), 'I have seen a letter as late as 1845, from good old Mr. Roberts' (the author of the 'English Bowman,' 1801), 'who was well acquainted with the powers of all the best archers of the preceding half-century, in which he states "he never knew but one man that could accomplish it."' This one man was probably Mr. Augustus L. Marsh, Royal Toxophilite Society, who owned, and was able to use, the magnificent self-yew bow of 85 lbs. now in the possession of Mr. Buchanan, of 215 Piccadilly, as may be seen from the following records of his best scores in 1837:—

1837

Hits

Score

June

1

at 4 ft. targets, 100 shots at 100 yards

61

233

"

27

"               "               "

59

235

"

29

"               "               "

52

214

July

6

"               "               "

54

204

"

11

"               "               "

58

246

"

20

"               "               "

58

204

"

21

"               "               "

51

197

These would be considered even respectable performances now when hits in the petticoat count, and all hits between the colours count in that of higher value, also when three arrows are shot consecutively, instead of two separately, at each end. Competitive examinations had not then been brought to their more recent perfection, and standards of excellence in athletics were as yet unrecorded. Professor John Wilson's ('Christopher North') wonderful long jump remained as unsurpassable as the 'Douglas cast,' unless it were, perhaps, beaten or preceded by the deeds of the wondrous athlete who could clear a full-sized billiard-table lengthwise, though in his first attempt to do so he failed through knocking the back of his head against the far side of the table.

Mr. Frederick Townsend, in 1865, made the best 'record' of shooting at 100 yards, at a wardmote of the Woodmen of Arden, when all the old customs just referred to were still, as now, in vogue, his score being 322 from 80 hits out of 150 shots.

There is now left for consideration the subject of 'record,' or standard of highest excellence at the public meetings, and it appears that Mr. A. P. Moore's performance at Derby in 1849 of 747, when, however, Mr. H. A. Ford became champion by the points, was the earliest notable score. Mr. H. A. Ford improved upon this in the next year at Edinburgh by scoring 899, and in 1854, at Shrewsbury, he made an advance to 1,074. In 1857, at Cheltenham, he took the record on to 1,251 score with 245 hits, and there it now remains.

The first eminent score by a championess was 634, made by Miss H. Chetwynd at Cheltenham, also in 1857. Mrs. Horniblow took the record on to 660 at Worcester in 1862, Miss Betham next advanced it, at the Alexandra Park Meeting in 1864, to 693. At Bath, in 1870, Mrs. Horniblow took it further to 700, and also still further to 764, with 142 hits, in 1873 at Leamington, and at that point it now remains, though very closely approached by Miss Legh's score of 763 at Sutton Coldfield in 1881.

Miss Legh's still better score of 840, with all the 144 hits, was made at the Grand Western Meeting at Bath in 1881; and Mrs. Piers F. Legh outstripped this 'record' by scoring 864 with 142 hits at the Leamington and Midland meeting in 1885; 33 of the hits on this occasion were golds.

The best 'record' of target practice at 120 yards is to be found amongst the doings of the Royal Toxophilites. Mr. H. O'H. Moore, in 1872, on the Norton prize-day, shooting 144 arrows, scored 213 with 43 hits, and Mr. G. E. S. Fryer, on the similar occasion in 1873, scored 273 with 67 hits.

In the shooting at 100 yards of the same society, on the Crunden day in 1854, shooting 144 arrows, Mr. H. A. Ford scored 362 with 88 hits. This score remained unbeaten, though surpassed in hits by Mr. G. E. S. Fryer in 1873 (361 score, 91 hits), until it was fairly outstripped by Mr. C. E. Nesham, who scored 478 with 104 hits in 1883. He also made 435 score with 95 hits in 1886.

In 1866 Mr. T. Dawson, Royal Toxophilite Society, presented a challenge medal for the reward of excellence in shooting at 80 yards, 144 arrows being shot, and in the first year this medal was taken by Mr. T. Boulton with 501 score from 113 hits. This record he took on further in 1875, with 591 score from 125 hits. This has been nearly approached only by Mr. C. E. Nesham in 1886, with 576 score from 124 hits.

The record for the 60 yards (144 arrows being shot) medal, presented by the same gentleman in 1866, was also started in that same year by Mr. T. Boulton, with 824 score from 142 hits. This record was surpassed by Mr. W. Rimington in 1872, his score being 840 from the same number of hits.

A good record for best shooting at 100 yards at the annual West Berks meeting, when 216 arrows are shot at that distance, was first reached by Major C. H. Fisher in 1871, when he made 140 hits with 556 score. In 1877 he carried the record on to 572 score with 136 hits. Mr. C. H. Everett made a still further advance with 155 hits and 633 score in 1880; and in 1881 Mr. H. H. Palairet made 153 with 623 score.

To Mrs. Butt (then Miss S. Dawson) still belongs the best 'record' for the 'Ladies' Day' of the Royal Toxophilite Society, the largest annual gathering of ladies, when the single National Round of 48 arrows at 60 and 24 arrows at 50 yards is shot. She made 70 hits with 406 score in 1867; in 1875 she scored 401 with 69 hits; and in 1885 Mrs. P. F. Legh made 70 hits with 400 score.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE PUBLIC ARCHERY MEETINGS AND THE DOUBLE YORK AND OTHER ROUNDS.

In 1791, ten years after the revival of archery by the establishment of the Royal Toxophilite Society, a public meeting of all the Archery Societies, which had already become very numerous in the United Kingdom, was held on Blackheath, and this meeting was followed by other similar meetings in 1792 and 1793. Here ended this series of National Archery Meetings, and in the early part of the present century the use of the bow appears to have languished.

The records of the Scorton Arrow Meetings go back, in an almost uninterrupted succession of annual meetings, to the year 1673. These meetings, though originally confined to a limited locality—'six miles from Eriholme-upon-Tees,' near Richmond, in Yorkshire—were open to all comers. In 1842 and 1843 these meetings were held at Thirsk, in Yorkshire, and to those present thereat the establishment of an annual Grand National Archery Meeting is certainly owing.

The first Grand National Archery Meeting was held at York on August 1 and 2, 1844, the Scorton Arrow Meeting having been again held at Thirsk on July 30 in the same year. It was originally intended that the meeting should occupy one day only, but the weather proved so unfavourable on the first day that the Round had to be finished on the second day. To the enterprising archers of Yorkshire is also due the invention of the York Round, which has since become the almost universally acknowledged test of the comparative excellence of all archers. This Round—which is now always shot on each of the two days of a public archery meeting—consisting of six dozen arrows at 100 yards, four dozen arrows at 80 yards, and two dozen arrows at 60 yards, was so arranged in the belief that about the same scores would then be made at each distance; and this has been proved tolerably correct as regards the average of archers, though not so as regards Mr. H. A. Ford, Major C. H. Fisher, Mr. H. H. Palairet, Mr. C. E. Nesham, and some others, when shooting in their best form, as it would be clearly impossible for them to score, in four dozen arrows at 60 yards, the 495 which Mr. H. A. Ford made in twelve dozen arrows at 100 yards at Cheltenham in 1857, or the 466 which he made on the same occasion in eight dozen arrows at 80 yards. Efforts have occasionally been made to reduce the quantity of shooting at 100 yards, for the benefit of those who look upon 80 yards as a long distance; and it has also been suggested that a few arrows might be taken from 80 yards and added to 60 yards; but it is generally acknowledged that the York Round cannot well be mended.

The Ladies' National Round of four dozen arrows at 60 yards, and two dozen arrows at 50 yards, shot on each of two days, did not become the established Round until 1851, and then the only reason of its adoption was that it corresponded in quantities with the shooting of the gentlemen at 80 yards and 60 yards.

In the year after the Third Leamington Grand National Archery Meeting—i.e. in 1854—the Leamington Meeting was started, and has ever since been an annual institution, except in those years when the Grand National Meeting has been again held at Leamington.

The first Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held in 1859, and has since been repeated annually.

The Grand Western Archery Meeting was started at Taunton in 1861, and has been repeated annually at different places, except in 1865, when the Grand National Meeting was held at Clifton, and in 1867, when no Grand Western Archery Meeting was held. In 1886 this meeting was combined with the Grand National Archery Meeting when held at Bath.

Occasionally an extra public meeting has occurred—as at Aston Park, Birmingham, in 1858 and in 1868; at the Alexandra Park, Muswell Hill, in 1863, and again in 1873 and 1882; also at Hastings, in 1867.

The first of a series of Grand Northern Meetings was established in 1879. This meeting has since been repeated annually.

In 1881 the Royal Toxophilite Society, in celebration of their centenary, gave a Double York Round meeting, which, though not strictly speaking a public meeting, was so well attended that it cannot be omitted from the records of the York Round. This meeting has also been repeated annually ever since 1881.

Almost the largest attendance of gentlemen at a public Archery Meeting consisted of one hundred and ten at York in 1845, when there were only eleven ladies shooting. At Cheltenham, in 1856, there were seventy-two ladies and one hundred and twelve gentlemen shooting. The best attended meeting was in 1860, at Bath, when there were one hundred and nine gentlemen and ninety-nine ladies. This was just before the beginning of the Grand Western Meetings, and there was a full meeting of ninety gentlemen and ninety-three ladies in 1865, in which year no Grand Western Meeting was held.

With the exception of the Seventh Grand National Archery Meeting, which was held in Edinburgh in 1850, all the Grand National Archery Meetings have occurred in England.

Two Double York Round Scottish National Meetings were held in Scotland in the years 1865 and 1866; but they were not largely attended.

In Ireland, in the course of the years 1862 to 1866, Irish National and other public meetings were held, mostly in the grounds of the Dublin Exhibition; but though the Double York Round was shot, and some good shooting was done by the Irish and also by English visitors, the meetings were mostly small, and there seems but little probability of their revival.

A few words should be said about the scoring at public meetings. The original plan was for the Captain at each target to mark, with a pricker made on purpose, the hits made by each shooter in a space representing each of the colours of the target—gold, red, blue, black, and white. In 1872 an improved plan was adopted of keeping a proper space for the hits made at each end, in which is entered each hit in the figure representing its value, as 9, 7, 5, 3, or 1. When no hit is made at any end, this fact should also be recorded; and thus the progress of the shooting is always kept accurately noted, and the possibility of mistakes in the scores is very much diminished.

Mr. H. A. Ford often mentions the St. George and St. Leonard's Rounds—the former being three dozen arrows at each of the distances of 100, 80, and 60 yards, and the latter (originally 75 arrows at 60 yards only) being three dozen arrows at 80 yards, and three dozen and three at 60 yards. The practice of these Rounds has now entirely disappeared from amongst archers.

During the whole of the period from 1844 to 1886 inclusive the appointed Round has been completed (except at the Leamington Meeting in 1862, when the weather rendered it quite impossible); and this says a great deal for the steadfastness of archers, as they have frequently had to submit to the ill-treatment of pitiless downpourings of rain and arrow-breaking storms of wind in order to get the Round finished.

No approach has been made to Mr. H. A. Ford's best public score of 1,251, made at Cheltenham in 1857, or to his second best record of 1,162 at Leamington in 1856; but his other scores of over 1,000 are easily counted—namely, 1,076 at Exeter in 1858, 1,014 at Leamington in 1861, 1,037 at Brighton in 1867, 1,087 at Leamington in 1868, and 1,032 at Leamington in 1869. Major C. H. Fisher made 1,060 at Sherborne in 1872. Mr. Palairet made 1,025 at the Crystal Palace in 1882, and 1,062 in the Regent's Park in 1881. Mr. C. E. Nesham made 1,010 in the Regent's Park in 1883, and 1022 at Bath in 1886. No other archers have reached 1,000 at a public match.

Miss Legh's score at Bath in 1881 of 840, when she made all the 144 hits, stood foremost amongst ladies' achievements until it was beaten by Mrs. Legh's score of 864 with 142 hits at Leamington in 1885. Miss Legh in 1882, at the Crystal Palace, scored 792, and in 1885 809 with 143 hits. Mrs. Butt's score of 785 at Leamington in 1870 ranks next. Then come Mrs. Horniblow's scores of 768 at Leamington in 1871, and of 764—also at Leamington—in 1872. Mrs. Piers F. Legh scored 763 at Sutton Coldfield in 1881. Mrs. V. Forbes scored 752 at the Crystal Palace in 1870. Mrs. Marshall scored 744 at the Crystal Palace in 1884. Miss Betham's best score was 743 at Leamington in 1867. Mrs. P. Pinckney scored 729 at the Crystal Palace in 1873; and Mrs. Pond scored 700 in 1874, also at the Crystal Palace. No other ladies appear to have made as much as 700.

Other scores of 700 and upwards have been—

M RS. HORNIBLOW

M ISS BETHAM

M RS. BUTT

M RS. P. F. LEGH

1871

746

1864

735

1876

752

1882

750

1873

733

1867

733

1879

744

1879

743

1873

719

1866

701

1876

730

1881

723

1872

712

—

1870

722

1883

712

1863

706

—

1877

718

1884

701

1870

700

—

1871

713

—

—

—

1877

707

—

The summary of Public Meetings is—

43

Grand National Archery Meetings.

31

Leamington Archery Meetings.

28

Crystal Palace Archery Meetings.

24

Grand Western Archery Meetings.

7

Grand Northern Archery Meetings.

2

Alexandra Park Archery Meetings.

1

Hastings Archery Meeting.

2

Aston Park Archery Meetings.

6

Royal Toxophilite Society's Archery Meetings.

–—

144

Meetings.

When attention is turned towards the meetings at which most gentlemen have made more than 600, and most ladies have made over 500, it is found that in 1860, at Bath, seventeen gentlemen reached or passed the score of 600, but at the same time only two ladies passed 500. This still remains the largest meeting which has yet been held, two hundred and eight shooters having been present. At the Alexandra Park Meeting in 1864, sixteen gentlemen and six ladies attained the same amount of excellence. At Brighton, in 1867, seventeen gentlemen and seven ladies passed the same levels. But, in 1882, at the Crystal Palace, the corresponding numbers were ten gentlemen and nineteen ladies, and at Leamington in the same year, fourteen gentlemen and sixteen ladies; whilst in 1883, at Cheltenham, nineteen gentlemen passed 600 and fourteen ladies passed 500, though the shooters competing at this meeting were only one hundred and thirty-one. At Windsor in 1884, thirteen ladies scored more than 500, and twelve gentlemen more than 600. This shows clearly that, although the number of attendances has diminished since the extraordinary start given to archery by Mr. H. A. Ford's book (and this is possibly due to the multiplication of public matches), yet the average of excellence, particularly amongst the ladies, has made considerable progress. This is a most encouraging symptom for the future of archery.

The First Grand National Archery Meeting was held on August 1 and 2, 1844, at Knavesmire, near York.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Rev. J. Higginson

18

66

21

93

14

62

53

221

Rev. E. Meyrick

15

65

24

76

19

77

58

218

Sixty-five gentlemen shot, and no ladies appeared at the targets.

The single York Round (72 arrows at 100 yards, 48 arrows at 80 yards, and 24 arrows at 60 yards) was shot first on this occasion.

*      *      *      *      *

The Second Grand National Archery Meeting was held on June 25 and 26, 1845, at the same place.

LADIES

60 Yards

Hits

Score

Miss Thelwall

48

186

Miss Townshend

45

163

Miss Emma Wylde

33

161

Miss Jane Forster

40

152

Eleven ladies shot 96 arrows, all at 60 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Peter Muir

53

185

46

182

36

170

135

537

Mr. J. Jones

28

110

63

243

38

146

129

499

Rev. E. Meyrick

42

150

42

146

32

150

116

446

Mr. Blackley

27

113

44

176

30

128

101

417

One hundred and ten gentlemen shot at this meeting, and the York Round, as before described, was shot on each day and at all the following meetings.

*      *      *      *      *

The Third Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 29 and 30, 1846, at the same place.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. R. G. Hubbock

41

175

47

209

29

135

117

519

Rev. E. Meyrick

40

174

47

211

30

132

117

517

Rev. T. Meyler

35

135

51

179

30

154

116

476

Mr. Glasgow

27

97

56

228

33

127

116

452

Mr. C. Garnett

35

125

40

166

36

150

111

441

Mr. J. P. Marsh

44

178

40

144

27

119

111

441

Rev. J. Higginson

24

90

51

201

29

149

110

422

Mr. A. Radcliff

36

124

44

162

34

136

114

422

Eighty-three gentlemen shot at this meeting, but no ladies appeared.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fourth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 28 and 29, 1847, at Derby.

——

60 Yards

Hits

Score

Miss Wylde

65

245

The ladies, who numbered only six, again shot—at 60 yards only—the same number of arrows as in 1845, namely, 96.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Peter Muir

63

217

53

229

37

185

153

631

Mr. Hutchons

33

125

55

267

41

211

129

603

Mr. E. Maitland

38

144

51

197

42

208

131

549

Mr. E. Marr

44

182

40

146

39

177

123

505

Rev. J. Bramhall

34

132

52

198

39

165

125

495

Mr. C. Garnett

44

146

40

158

38

164

122

488

Rev. T. Meyler

44

164

45

169

32

146

121

479

Mr. G. Attwood

44

142

39

141

37

129

120

412

Rev. E. Meyrick

30

114

47

145

33

141

110

410

Fifty-eight gentlemen shot at this meeting, and on the following day—July 30—half a York Round was shot for a bow (Buchanan's) and two other prizes.

——

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Rev. J. Bramhall won the bow

18

58

16

74

9

41

43

173

*      *      *      *      *

The Fifth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 19 and 20, 1848, at the same place.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss J. Barrow

14

54

33

113

47

167

Miss Temple

18

80

26

80

44

160

Only five ladies shot, and they shot 72 arrows at 60 yards, and 72 at 50 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. E. Maitland

55

245

44

206

36

130

135

581

Rev. J. Bramhall

45

145

52

218

35

151

132

514

Mr. C. Wilkinson

45

161

40

150

28

134

113

445

Mr. E. Marr

42

170

47

167

29

99

118

436

Mr. Willis

35

117

38

156

34

146

107

419

Mr. J. Wilson

42

152

41

141

29

109

108

402

Seventy-four gentlemen shot at this meeting. Horace A. Ford here made his first public appearance, scoring—

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

31

81

38

142

32

118

101

341

He stood fifteenth in the list.

*      *      *      *      *

The Sixth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 18 and 19, 1849—again at Derby.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Temple

36

122

19

67

55

189

Miss Mackay

24

98

19

65

43

163

Miss Billing

25

89

14

62

39

151

Eight ladies attended this meeting, and the National Round (96 arrows at 60 yards, and 48 arrows at 50 yards), equally divided between the two days, was shot now for the first time, and has been ever since shot by the ladies, except at the next meeting at Edinburgh.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. A. P. Moore

62

238

68

318

43

191

173

747

Mr. H. A. Ford

69

231

63

264

44

208

176

703

Mr. G. Attwood

65

255

49

235

35

125

149

615

Mr. E. Meyrick

52

196

41

183

29

161

122

540

Mr. G. Ollier

38

130

49

187

41

199

128

516

Mr. J. Wilson

30

108

58

218

37

177

125

503

Forty-six gentlemen shot at this meeting, and the Champion's medal was first awarded on this occasion, and won by Mr. H. A. Ford, who won most points[9] (5), Mr. Moore having won 4—namely, hits and score at 80 yards, and gross score—and Mr. Attwood won the points for score at 100 yards.

*      *      *      *      *

The Seventh Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 24, 25, and 26, 1850, at Edinburgh, in Warrender Park.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Calvert

27

89

20

72

47

161

Miss E. Forster

29

113

13

43

42

156

Eight ladies shot at this meeting, and the round, which, owing to the condition of the weather, was all shot on the third day, consisted of 72 arrows at 60 yards, and 36 arrows at 50 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

79

343

70

314

44

242

193

899

Mr. C. Garnett

65

249

61

221

40

168

166

638

Rev. G. Mallory

59

197

55

235

30

150

144

582

Mr. G. W. Willis

45

175

46

184

39

181

130

540

Mr. J. Wilson

50

192

49

203

36

140

135

535

Mr. O. K. Prescot

58

224

41

165

35

125

134

514

Mr. J. Turner

50

208

44

196

31

101

125

505

Eighty-three gentlemen shot, and the Champion's medal was won by Mr. H. A. Ford, who made all the points.

At this meeting there was also some shooting at 200 yards, 180 yards, and at 100 feet, in addition to the usual double York Round.

*      *      *      *      *

The Eighth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 25 and 26, 1851, on Wisden's Cricket-ground at Leamington. At this meeting thirty-three ladies shot the National Round.

Mr. H. A. Ford won all the points for the Champion medal except that for score at 80 yards, which was won by Mr. K. T. Heath.

——

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Villers, afterwards Mrs. Davison

73

323

35

181

108

504

Miss Villers's score showed a rapid stride in advance amongst the ladies, as she was more than 100 points ahead of the second lady, Miss Eaton—73 hits, 297 score—and the third, Mrs. Thursfield—75 hits, 293 score.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

76

308

72

324

45

229

193

861

Mr. K. T. Heath

61

235

67

327

40

214

168

776

Rev. J. Bramhall

65

283

71

273

42

204

178

760

Mr. P. Muir

67

243

51

197

41

228

160

668

Mr. H. Garnett

61

257

52

186

35

163

148

606

Ninety gentlemen shot at this meeting.

On the 27th a handicap sweepstake match was shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Ninth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 7 and 8, 1852, at the same place, in Leamington.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Brindley

45

155

39

181

84

336

Miss M. Peel

51

217

33

113

84

330

Miss Villers

49

197

30

132

79

329

At this meeting thirty-six ladies and seventy-eight gentlemen shot.

Mr. H. A. Ford won the Champion's medal with 6 points, Mr. Bramhall having won 2 points for hits and score at 100 yards, and Mr. J. Wilson 2 points for hits and score at 60 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

72

306

74

282

42

200

188

788

Rev. J. Bramhall

84

352

61

249

39

177

184

778

Mr. J. Wilson

68

238

55

207

44

204

167

649

Mr. H. Garnett

68

230

59

229

34

152

161

611

This match had a most exciting finale. When the last three arrows alone remained to be shot, Mr. Bramhall was 2 points ahead in score. It was then a simple question of nerve, and Mr. Ford's proved the best, as he scored 14 to his opponent's 2. The two gentlemen were placed at adjoining targets, and Mr. Bramhall's nerve was further disturbed by his hearing some one noisily offer to bet heavily in favour of Mr. Ford. Mr. Ford shot first at his target, and Mr. Bramhall second at his.

Mr. Ford's score on July 9, in the handicap match, amounted to 485.

*      *      *      *      *

The Tenth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 6 and 7, 1853—again at Leamington.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

54

230

35

135

89

365

Miss M. Peel

44

180

40

184

84

364

Miss Clay

46

192

35

145

79

337

Mrs. Tennant (née      Temple)

48

190

31

129

79

319

The silver bracer for the Lady Championess, presented by the Norfolk Bowmen, was first competed for at this meeting, and won by Mrs. Horniblow, who won 6 of the 8 points, Miss M. Peel having secured the 2 points for hits and score at 50 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

78

322

77

367

47

245

202

934

Rev. J. Bramhall

56

212

66

300

45

221

167

733

Mr. C. Garnett

55

197

57

251

39

157

151

605

Mr. Ford won all the Champion's points, and now first began to show his marked superiority.

Fifty ladies and eighty-two gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Eleventh Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 5 and 6, 1854, on the racecourse at Shrewsbury.

LADIES

100 Yards

80 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Davison (née      Villers)

68

318

41

171

109

489

Mrs. Horniblow

56

212

40

186

96

398

Miss Baker

61

245

34

152

95

397

Mrs. Davison won the silver bracer with 7 points, Mrs. Horniblow, who made a score of 325 on the handicap day, having secured the eighth point with the highest score at fifty yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

101

411

87

415

46

248

234

1,074

Rev. J. Bramhall

62

270

77

329

37

149

176

748

Mr. H. Hilton

62

230

66

260

39

175

175

667

Mr. H. Garnett

54

214

61

249

41

205

156

668

Mr. P. Muir

67

229

52

206

41

197

160

632

Mr. Ford won all the points of the Champion's medal, and made a further stride in front of all other competitors, making over 1,000.

Sixty-six ladies and ninety-four gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The First Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens, on July 19 and 20, 1854.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

73

361

36

146

109

507

Miss Baker

71

277

42

198

113

475

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Colonel Clowes

57

197

57

237

36

156

150

590

Mr. R. Garnett

42

162

44

212

32

134

118

508

*      *      *      *      *

The Second Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 20 and 21, 1855.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

67

265

39

161

106

426

Miss H. Chetwynd

54

210

38

162

92

362

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

82

270

79

323

46

268

207

861

Mr. T. G. Golightly

63

231

55

205

35

151

153

587

*      *      *      *      *

The Twelfth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on August 1 and 2, 1855—again at Shrewsbury.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Davison

70

278

45

213

115

491

Mrs. Horniblow

67

277

36

160

103

437

Miss Clay

64

282

36

146

100

428

Mrs. Davison won 7 points, and again secured the silver bracer.

Miss Clay won 1 point for score at 60 yards.

Miss H. Chetwynd made 296 on the handicap day.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

69

281

65

285

45

243

179

809

Rev. J. Bramhall

68

242

63

261

44

206

175

709

Mr. P. Muir

59

251

57

217

39

159

155

627

Mr. J. Wilson

50

164

59

253

45

197

154

614

Mr. H. Hilton

53

195

64

258

34

160

151

613

Mr. Ford won the Champion's medal, having won all the points except that there was a tie between him and Mr. Wilson for hits at 60 yards.

The weather was unfavourable at this meeting, which helps to account for the apparent falling off in the scores.

Fifty-five ladies and eighty-three gentlemen shot.

The series of eighteen articles, out of which this book was afterwards formed, began to appear in the 'Field' on October 6 in this year.

*      *      *      *      *

The Third Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 18 and 19, 1856.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

74

338

41

203

115

541

Miss H. Chetwynd

67

299

41

209

108

508

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

105

447

91

431

48

284

244

1162

Mr. G. Mallory

65

241

58

220

40

176

163

637

Colonel Phillipps

47

185

59

247

44

202

150

634

Mr. G. Edwards

61

251

53

221

40

148

154

620

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirteenth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 2 and 3, 1856, on the College Cricket-ground, at Cheltenham.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

68

294

41

193

109

487

Mrs. Davison 10

68

312

35

149

103

461

10 Did not shoot the last six arrows at 50 yards, being prevented by indisposition.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

81

299

87

439

45

247

213

985

Rev. J. Bramhall

82

346

69

271

40

168

191

785

Mr. P. Muir

65

289

65

253

34

146

164

688

Mr. C. Garnett

68

260

51

211

39

189

158

660

Mr. W. Peters

57

189

57

235

32

160

146

584

Mrs. Horniblow won the silver bracer with six points, Mrs. Davison having won the point for score at 60 yards, and having made the same number of hits as Mrs. Horniblow at that distance. Miss H. Chetwynd made the same number of hits at 50 yards as Mrs. Horniblow.

Mr. Ford again secured the Champion's medal with eight points, his old opponent Mr. Bramhall having won the points for hits and score at 100 yards.

Seventy-two ladies and 112 gentlemen shot at this meeting.

The first edition of 'The Theory and Practice of Archery' was published in the course of this year.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fourth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 10 and 11, 1857.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

66

276

41

183

107

459

Mrs. Litchfield

58

230

38

158

96

388

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

97

387

88

398

45

241

230

1026

Mr. C. H. Fisher

59

231

62

212

44

172

165

615

*      *      *      *      *

The Fourteenth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 1 and 2, 1857—again at Cheltenham.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss H. Chetwynd

82

390

46

244

128

634

Mrs. Davison

73

339

41

209

114

548

Mrs. Horniblow

80

346

42

194

122

540

Mrs. R. Blaker

69

325

39

171

108

496

Miss H. Chetwynd won the silver bracer with all the points, and exceeded all the previous performances of ladies in match shooting.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

107

495

90

466

48

290

245

1251

Mr. G. Edwards

69

255

76

322

43

209

188

786

Mr. W. J. W. Baynes

65

245

74

314

44

212

183

771

Mr. P. Muir

69

261

57

315

39

201

165

777

Mr. J. Bramhall

67

233

58

254

46

234

171

721

Mr. H. C. Mules

66

254

58

260

40

206

164

720

Mr. E. Mason

57

215

65

279

41

197

163

691

Mr. H. Garnett

61

235

67

263

35

169

163

667

Mr. H. Hilton

55

243

59

243

37

183

151

669

Mr. J. Wilson

62

260

57

237

35

161

154

658

Mr. C. H. Fisher

40

122

54

248

42

194

136

564

Mr. Ford again secured all the points for the Champion's medal, and made the finest score ever yet made in public.

The average of the shooting of all showed a marked improvement at this meeting; and it was gratifying to Mr. Ford to be able to state that several of the leading archers attributed their high positions in the prize-list to their careful following out of the principles and directions laid down in his book.

Sixty-one ladies and ninety-seven gentlemen shot.

Mr. H. C. Mules scored 389 on the handicap day.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fifth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 23 and 24, 1858.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss H. Chetwynd

74

344

41

191

115

535

Miss Dixon

62

270

39

179

101

449

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

100

424

87

463

43

241

230

1128

Mr. G. Edwards

77

303

64

298

45

263

186

864

Mr. H. Walters

58

256

66

276

43

225

167

757

Mr. W. J. W. Baynes

60

260

63

239

45

213

168

712

Mr. H. C. Mules

56

256

55

225

45

209

156

690

Mr. S. Mason

53

197

59

267

38

172

150

636

Colonel Clowes

44

202

49

211

42

214

135

627

Twenty-nine ladies and twenty-nine gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fifteenth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 21 and 22, 1858, at Exeter.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

58

256

43

201

101

457

Mrs. St. George

58

254

36

174

94

428

Miss H. Chetwynd

56

204

43

219

99

423

Mrs. R. Blaker

54

228

38

184

92

412

Lady Edwardes

54

262

31

139

85

401

Miss Turner

59

255

34

136

93

391

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

87

399

81

385

46

292

214

1076

Mr. G. Edwards

73

267

70

324

44

226

187

817

Mr. J. T. George

59

217

63

311

40

212

162

740

Mr. W. J. W. Baynes

57

229

60

254

43

219

160

702

Mr. J. Spedding

48

184

71

299

44

212

163

695

Mr. E. Mason

52

172

66

292

42

176

160

640

Mr. H. C. Mules

56

176

59

255

44

210

159

641

Mr. P. Muir

48

176

60

250

39

209

147

635

Mrs. Horniblow won the silver bracer with 4-1/2 points. Miss Turner won the point for hits at 60 yards, Lady Edwardes the point for score at 60 yards, and Miss H. Chetwynd won the point for score at 50 yards and divided the point for hits at this distance with Mrs. Horniblow.

Mr. Ford, having won all the ten points, became Champion for the tenth time. He accounted for the apparent falling off in the shooting at this meeting as compared with the previous one by the fact that the weather was rough and the ground difficult.

Eighty-four ladies and eighty-six gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

A Grand Archery Meeting was held in the grounds of Aston Park, near Birmingham, on September 8 and 9, 1858.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

87

339

73

343

48

294

208

976

Mr. G. Edwards

63

277

65

255

46

250

174

782

Mr. H. Walters

55

231

53

253

37

193

145

677

Mr. H. Elliott

60

242

63

247

39

185

162

674

Mr. G. L. Aston

35

141

57

243

40

164

132

548

Mr. W. J. W. Baynes

49

185

47

175

41

185

137

545

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

75

317

42

218

117

535

Miss H. Chetwynd

65

287

39

187

104

474

Miss Aston

67

251

41

175

108

426

Lady Edwardes

61

267

32

142

93

409

It was intended, and advertised, that this meeting should be repeated in 1859; but, from insufficient support, it was abandoned, and the first of the series of annual archery meetings held in the grounds of the Crystal Palace was substituted for it.

*      *      *      *      *

The Sixth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 15 and 16, 1859.

Thirty ladies and thirty-three gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

70

282

48

262

118

544

Miss H. Chetwynd

67

313

39

179

106

492

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

93

355

76

350

47

257

216

962

Mr. H. A. Ford

75

327

82

382

43

213

200

922

Mr. E. Mason

55

217

67

297

42

240

164

754

Mr. G. L. Aston

56

254

56

244

41

205

153

703

Mr. H. C. Mules

52

214

65

257

37

185

154

656

Mr. H. Walters

44

170

63

253

40

200

147

623

*      *      *      *      *

The Sixteenth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 6 and 7, 1859—again at Exeter.

Miss Turner won the silver bracer with 5 points, Miss H. Chetwynd having won 2 points for gross hits and 1 point for hits at 60 yards.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Turner

77

385

45

245

122

630

Miss H. Chetwynd

82

370

43

215

125

585

Mrs. G. Atkinson

76

334

42

207

119

541

Mrs. Horniblow

74

356

38

160

112

536

The Champion's medal for the eleventh consecutive time was won by Mr. Ford with 8 points, Mr. Edwards having won the points for hits and score at 80 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

85

357

72

312

48

282

205

951

Mr. G. Edwards

65

269

74

370

45

249

184

888

Rev. W. J. Richardson

70

298

68

332

40

182

178

812

Mr. A. Edmondstone

78

300

66

250

41

231

185

781

Mr. H. C. Mules

58

218

61

255

37

215

156

688

Mr. E. Meyrick

70

252

50

198

40

184

160

634

Mr. J. Rimington

54

238

56

244

44

204

154

686

Mr. J. T. George

49

205

67

285

39

173

155

663

Mr. T. Boulton

57

237

56

204

41

171

154

612

Mr. H. Walters

49

165

60

266

40

188

149

619

Mr. H. B. Hare

47

219

53

225

37

183

137

627

Mr. W. Swire

57

213

47

223

42

176

146

612

Mr. C. H. Fisher

55

253

49

187

34

146

138

586

Eighty-six ladies and eighty-four gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The second edition of Mr. Ford's book was issued in this year, and the account of this Grand National Archery Meeting was not included in it.

*      *      *      *      *

A Grand Archery Meeting, under the management of Mr. Merridew, was proposed to be held in the grounds of Aston Park, Birmingham, on July 27 and 28, 1859, as mentioned by Mr. H. A. Ford at page 124; but at the Leamington meeting of the same year it was decided that this proposed meeting should be transferred to the grounds of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, and thus commenced the annual Crystal Palace Archery Meetings.

*      *      *      *      *

The First Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 27 and 28, 1859, on the Cricket-ground.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Turner

66

272

41

203

107

475

Mrs. Horniblow

50

226

40

198

90

424

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

78

314

80

380

48

252

206

946

Mr. G. Edwards

64

264

66

252

45

259

175

775

Mr. H. C. Mules

67

257

57

285

41

179

165

721

Mr. H. Walters

54

186

73

311

42

202

169

699

Mr. T. Boulton

54

226

47

181

42

216

143

623

Twenty ladies and forty-one gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Seventh Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 13 and 14, 1860.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. E. Lister

72

336

45

197

117

533

Mrs. Litchfield

72

324

39

163

111

487

Mrs. Horniblow

66

238

46

202

112

440

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

82

336

80

406

47

255

209

997

Mr. E. Mason

70

268

64

266

46

226

180

760

Mr. T. G. Golightly

54

228

67

277

44

204

165

709

Mr. T. Boulton

49

197

66

284

39

197

154

678

Mr. H. Walters

57

217

61

249

43

207

161

673

Thirty-two ladies and thirty-six gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Seventeenth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 4 and 5, 1860, at Bath.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. E. Lister

69

337

43

213

112

550

Mrs. G. Atkinson

79

341

42

190

121

531

Mrs. Rogers

66

306

38

188

104

494

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

71

277

71

337

46

272

188

886

Mr. P. Muir

68

276

70

322

45

257

181

855

Mr. H. A. Ford

70

260

74

294

47

253

191

807

Mr. H. C. Mules

57

243

66

312

40

202

163

757

Mr. W. Rimington

58

244

61

273

41

223

160

740

Mr. E. Mason

59

211

68

304

42

210

169

725

Rev. W. J. Richardson

61

235

66

264

40

202

167

701

Mr. H. Walters

57

223

64

276

43

201

164

700

Mr. H. B. Hare

61

221

60

254

46

224

167

699

Mr. G. T. Golightly

55

233

62

228

45

221

162

682

Mr. J. Spedding

61

261

55

257

34

152

150

670

Mr. J. Wilson

47

203

59

259

39

197

145

659

Mr. T. Boulton

55

197

59

257

38

182

152

636

Mr. C. H. Fisher

43

169

60

250

42

216

145

635

Mr. J. Turner

62

230

53

211

35

183

150

624

Col. Clowes

51

189

52

230

42

204

145

623

Mr. E. Meyrick

58

248

45

189

37

183

140

620

Mrs. Lister won the first score prize, but Mrs. Atkinson won the silver bracer with 4 points.

Mrs. Lister won 2 points for gross score.

Mrs. Horniblow won the point for score at 50 yards, and Mrs. Litchfield won the point for hits at 50 yards.

At this meeting Mr. Edwards won the Champion's medal with 6 points, Mr. Ford, who took third rank, having won 4 points—namely, 2 for gross hits and those for hits at 80 yards and hits at 60 yards.

Ninety-nine ladies and 109 gentlemen shot.

The influence of hits as affecting the position of the winners of the best prizes was now entirely abandoned, and the order of the prizes taken from the gross score only, except when two had a tie in score. In this case the difference (if any) in hits was considered.

Want of space prevents the introduction of all the winners of best prizes, who vary in number at the different meetings from six to twelve, according to the numbers present; but it should be mentioned that at the earliest meetings the second prize was allotted to the maker of most gross hits. This rule prevailed up to 1851. In 1852, 1853, and 1854 the order of prize-winners was in accordance with the order of the gross scores. From that date the first prizes were named 'first, second, third, &c. gross score, and hits,' and the rule by which the order of the prize list was obtained was that the number of each shooter's position in hits was taken and added to the number representing his position in score. The lowest total won the first score and hits prize, and the next lowest the second, and so on. In cases where the totals of two were the same, the highest score would win. The application of this rule may be observed in 1859, when Mr. Richardson made the third score (812), but won the fourth prize; whilst Mr. Edmondstone, who made the fourth score, won the third prize. Mr. Edmondstone was second in hits and fourth in score (total, 6); Mr. Richardson was third in score and fourth in hits (total, 7).

*      *      *      *      *

The Second Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 18 and 19, 1860.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

65

271

39

179

104

450

Miss Turner

58

258

34

132

92

390

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

67

247

77

359

46

224

190

830

Mr. H. Walters

66

258

72

306

46

220

184

784

Mr. H. A. Ford

63

289

64

258

46

226

173

773

Mr. Bradford

66

256

64

256

42

218

172

730

Mr. H. C. Mules

60

254

63

257

42

200

165

711

Mr. T. Boulton

57

247

57

243

31

133

145

623

Twenty-six ladies and forty-three gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Eighth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 12 and 13, 1861.

Twenty-six ladies and thirty-four gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

78

366

46

230

124

596

Mrs. E. Lister

69

315

44

236

113

551

Mrs. Litchfield

79

351

39

159

118

510

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

83

321

83

419

46

274

212

1014

Mr. G. Edwards

52

238

76

354

47

279

175

871

Mr. T. G. Golightly

69

255

68

346

41

223

178

824

Mr. M. Knapp

77

309

55

257

32

164

164

730

Mr. H. C. Mules

65

263

67

273

37

179

169

715

Mr. W. Ford

60

218

59

259

39

177

158

654

Mr. G. Mallory

57

217

49

213

43

211

149

641

Mr. W. Swire

52

208

58

232

39

177

149

617

Mr. J. Spedding

60

224

54

244

39

137

153

605

Mr. T. L. Coulson

46

174

57

231

40

196

143

601

Mr. H. B. Hare

50

186

53

205

39

209

142

600

*      *      *      *      *

The Eighteenth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on the Racecourse at Aintree, near Liverpool, on July 17 and 18, 1861.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. G. Atkinson

73

367

40

208

113

575

Miss Turner

65

291

42

214

107

505

Mrs. Horniblow

67

265

42

212

109

477

Mrs. Atkinson won the silver bracer with 6 points. Miss Turner won the point for score at 50 yards, and Mrs. E. Lister the point for hits (44) at 50 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

68

288

63

235

44

222

175

745

Mr. T. G. Golightly

60

250

58

270

41

205

159

725

Mr. P. Muir

49

175

62

266

43

221

154

662

Mr. H. A. Ford

54

220

56

200

45

241

155

661

Mr. T. Boulton

54

178

58

268

40

196

152

638

Mr. J. Wilson

46

220

56

212

36

164

138

596

The Champion's medal was again won by Mr. G. Edwards with 7 points. Mr. Golightly won the point for score at 80 yards, and Mr. H. A. Ford won two points for score and hits at 60 yards.

The wind at this meeting—on an exposed ground—was tremendous.

Sixty-four ladies and eighty-nine gentlemen shot.

Some better scores—Mr. E. Mason (446), Mr. F. Townsend (374), and Mr. H. C. Mules (365)—were made on July 19 in the handicap match.

The Grand National Archery Society was first established at a meeting of archers held at the Adelphi Hotel in Liverpool on July 19, 1861.

*      *      *      *      *

The Third Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 30-31 and August 1, 1861.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Turner

77

345

45

255

122

600

Mrs. Horniblow

66

336

44

216

110

552

Miss H. Chetwynd

72

326

42

200

114

526

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

80

314

75

319

43

211

198

844

Mr. G. Edwards

50

206

79

361

47

251

176

818

Mr. H. Hilton

54

236

51

219

36

142

141

597

No other shooter made as much as 600.

Twenty-two ladies and thirty-seven gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The First Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Bishop's Hull, near Taunton, on August 7 and 8, 1861, when fifty-three ladies and forty-two gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Turner

80

386

45

259

125

645

Miss Mignon

66

276

41

197

107

473

Miss H. Chetwynd

56

236

40

228

96

464

Miss James

59

271

37

165

96

436

Mrs. A. Malet

62

256

34

142

96

398

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

59

263

85

381

45

253

189

897

Mr. H. A. Ford

65

235

73

319

47

275

185

829

Colonel Clowes

53

215

62

272

39

189

154

676

Mr. W. Rimington

53

207

58

272

39

191

150

670

Mr. H. B. Hare

58

226

56

232

41

205

155

663

Mr. W. Swire

57

205

57

251

36

180

150

636

Mr. H. Walters

42

140

57

257

41

223

140

620

*      *      *      *      *

The Fourth Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on May 29 and 30, 1862.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

76

328

44

220

120

548

Mrs. H. Walters

73

329

41

209

114

538

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. F. Townsend

75

299

72

344

41

223

188

866

Mr. H. A. Ford

77

319

67

291

43

201

187

811

Mr. G. Edwards

58

252

70

312

47

241

175

805

Mr. H. B. Hare

54

238

61

305

37

145

152

688

Mr. W. Swire

56

238

64

254

39

189

159

681

Mr. T. Boulton

62

220

58

238

39

179

159

637

Mr. J. H. Chance

38

144

55

233

44

234

137

611

Twenty-six ladies and forty gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Ninth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 11 and 12, 1862.

——

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

?

191

23

143

?

334

This was Mrs. Horniblow's score on the first day. The round on the second day was not completed on account of the bad weather.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

?

186

?

184

23

137

?

507

Mr. G. Edwards

29

131

41

169

24

144

94

444

This was the best shooting of the first day. On the second day only 48 arrows at 100 yards were shot.

Thirty-three ladies and twenty-eight gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Nineteenth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held at Worcester, on July 17 and 18, 1862.

Sixty-five ladies and eighty-eight gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

80

384

48

276

128

660

Mrs. G. Atkinson

76

334

40

208

116

542

Miss Jarrett

68

296

43

229

111

525

Miss H. Chetwynd

65

313

40

176

105

489

Mrs. Horniblow won the silver bracer with all the 8 points.

Mr. G. Edwards secured the Champion's medal with 7 points. Mr. H. A. Ford won the point for score at 80 yards, and the points for score and hits at 60 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

71

297

78

366

45

239

194

902

Mr. H. A. Ford

67

245

76

376

47

275

190

896

Mr. E. Mason

65

239

71

339

42

210

178

788

Mr. T. Boulton

63

279

56

230

42

156

161

665

Mr. W. Rimington

52

204

62

230

41

199

155

633

Mr. H. B. Hare

65

249

51

177

40

200

156

626

Mr. H. Walters

48

194

61

235

40

194

149

623

Some good scores—Mr. H. A. Ford (479), Mr. G. Edwards (447), and Mr. H. B. Hare (386)—were made on July 19 in the handicap match.

*      *      *      *      *

The Second Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at West Harnham, near Salisbury, on July 9 and 10, 1862, when sixty-four ladies and fifty-one gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss H. Chetwynd

65

309

36

154

101

463

Mrs. A. Malet

60

264

37

163

97

427

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

51

189

61

255

45

275

157

719

Mr. H. A. Ford

57

235

63

283

42

188

162

706

Mr. H. B. Hare

50

190

64

244

39

171

153

605

Mrs. A. Malet and Mr. H. B. Hare became respectively the Championess and Champion of the West.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fifth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on June 11 and 12, 1863.

Thirty-four ladies and forty-six gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

78

364

43

237

121

601

Mrs. Blaker

61

275

36

188

97

463

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

59

221

72

326

44

244

175

791

Mr. F. Townsend

58

196

68

284

41

195

167

675

Mr. T. L. Coulson

53

233

65

281

34

142

152

656

Mr. MacNamara

49

169

64

292

42

192

155

653

Mr. G. Edwards

49

185

64

264

42

188

155

637

Mr. A. R. Tawney

59

245

55

209

26

156

140

610

Colonel Clowes

45

173

57

245

36

190

138

608

*      *      *      *      *

The Tenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 25 and 26, 1863.

Twenty-eight ladies and thirty-two gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

90

442

44

264

134

706

Miss B. Edwards

73

305

47

229

120

534

Miss Waller

74

322

42

206

116

528

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

73

295

65

291

41

227

179

813

Mr. McNamara

58

266

65

265

46

246

169

777

Captain Betham

59

227

69

317

37

201

165

745

Mr. T. L. Coulson

74

324

63

237

40

152

177

713

Mr. H. B. Hare

64

246

61

295

33

133

158

674

Colonel Clowes

57

197

63

277

36

180

156

654

Mr. H. Walters

54

204

66

254

39

179

159

637

Mr. J. Spedding

49

209

58

246

33

159

140

614

*      *      *      *      *

The Twentieth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on the Christ Church Cricket-ground at Oxford on July 1 and 2, 1863.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

73

285

43

193

116

478

Miss H. Chetwynd

61

281

39

189

100

468

Miss B. Edwards

60

258

38

192

98

450

Mrs. Horniblow won the silver bracer with all the 8 points.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. P. Muir

72

292

65

295

44

258

179

845

Mr. H. A. Ford

62

242

70

290

44

248

176

780

Mr. T. L. Coulson

59

219

58

240

41

223

158

682

Mr. G. Edwards

54

206

59

245

42

218

155

669

Mr. H. Walters

38

160

64

290

45

209

147

659

Mr. F. Townsend

55

211

50

200

43

207

148

618

The weather was very rough.

Mr. P. Muir won the Champion's medal with 8 points; Mr. H. A. Ford won the point for hits at 80 yards; and Messrs. H. Walters and E. W. Atkinson divided the point for hits at 60 yards (45).

Fifty-four ladies and ninety-six gentlemen shot.

Mr. T. L. Coulson (452) shot well on July 3 in the handicap match.

*      *      *      *      *

The Third Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Weymouth on July 15 and 16, 1863, when fifty-nine ladies and sixty-four gentlemen shot.

There was a tie between Miss L. Turner and Miss S. Dawson in points; and on drawing lots (not a fair way of deciding the tie) Miss S. Dawson won, and became Championess.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss L. Turner

69

331

42

200

111

531

Miss S. Dawson

71

295

42

200

113

495

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

65

243

77

341

44

242

186

826

Mr. T. L. Coulson

70

258

57

277

42

236

169

771

Captain Betham

50

194

76

322

43

219

169

735

Mr. W. Rimington

64

234

67

249

43

207

174

690

Colonel Clowes

56

208

59

243

34

176

149

627

Mr. H. B. Hare (148 hits, 594 score) became Champion of the West.

*      *      *      *      *

A Grand Inaugural Archery Fete was held in the Alexandra Park, Muswell Hill, on July 23 and 24, 1863.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

78

370

47

269

125

639

Miss H. Chetwynd

76

354

40

188

116

542

Mrs. Hare

74

328

43

177

117

505

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

64

234

71

293

47

279

182

806

Mr. W. Rimington

70

264

66

266

43

225

179

755

Mr. T. L. Coulson

59

257

62

264

41

193

162

714

Mr. H. Walters

60

212

60

254

45

247

165

713

Colonel Clowes

64

236

58

232

39

193

161

661

Mr. T. Boulton

52

198

67

267

38

192

157

657

Mr. J. Rogers

50

180

65

263

44

196

159

639

Captain Betham

50

174

58

224

40

200

148

598

Mr. J. Buchanan acted as manager of this meeting.

Nineteen ladies and forty-one gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Eleventh Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 15 and 16, 1864.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

88

464

47

271

135

735

Mrs. Horniblow

86

396

46

234

132

630

Mrs. E. Lister

67

313

38

184

105

597

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

57

239

82

346

46

258

185

843

Mr. H. Walters

55

199

54

284

43

239

152

722

Captain Betham

54

212

63

231

47

251

164

694

Mr. G. L. Aston

56

208

65

269

41

215

162

692

Mr. T. L. Coulson

61

207

58

248

42

230

161

685

Mr. Betham

68

232

58

238

40

194

166

664

Mr. McNamara

50

176

60

242

41

185

151

603

Thirty-five ladies and thirty-three gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Sixth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on June 30 and July 1, 1864.

Thirty-eight ladies and forty-four gentlemen shot.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

66

276

68

274

47

269

181

819

Mr. Betham

63

249

59

275

46

232

168

756

Mr. H. Walters

57

207

71

287

43

211

171

705

Captain Betham

57

209

62

246

45

215

164

670

Mr. W. Rimington

57

219

58

236

42

194

157

649

Mr. James Spedding

55

189

61

229

43

207

159

625

Mr. H. B. Hare

55

205

56

232

38

182

149

619

Mr. J. Rogers

69

245

54

192

39

179

162

616

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

76

350

41

253

117

603

Mrs. Horniblow

73

343

45

221

118

564

Miss Turner

72

296

41

225

113

521

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-first Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held in the Alexandra Park, Muswell Hill, near London, on July 6 and 7, 1864.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

83

429

46

264

129

693

Mrs. G. Atkinson

74

392

43

243

117

635

Mrs. Horniblow

76

314

45

227

121

541

Miss A. S. Butt

79

339

46

200

125

539

Miss Quin

68

320

44

208

112

528

Miss Turner

66

300

41

211

107

511

Miss Betham won the silver bracer with 7-1/2 points. Miss A. S. Butt divided the point for hits at 50 yards with her.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

63

205

80

418

46

274

189

897

Mr. P. Muir

81

325

63

269

45

227

189

821

Mr. H. Walters

53

179

68

318

46

240

167

737

Mr. W. R. Atkinson

60

230

61

237

43

249

164

716

Captain Betham

57

247

60

246

41

213

158

706

Mr. James Spedding

62

246

67

287

35

169

164

702

Mr. Betham

44

180

77

329

42

188

163

697

Mr. T. L. Coulson

60

242

55

269

41

175

156

686

Mr. St. J. Coventry

68

260

55

219

37

177

160

656

Mr. A. R. Tawney

64

242

54

214

39

179

157

645

Captain C. H. Fisher

65

267

57

193

39

183

161

643

Mr. H. B. Hare

62

238

64

260

32

134

158

632

Mr. J. Wilson

55

231

59

201

40

190

154

622

Mr. H. Elliott

47

201

51

215

39

199

137

615

Mr. McNamara

52

200

55

215

41

193

148

608

Mr. H. Garnett

51

227

53

217

37

161

141

605

Mr. G. Edwards secured the Champion's medal with 6-1/2 points. Mr. P. Muir won 2 points for hits and score at 100 yards, and Mr. H. Walters divided the point for hits at 60 yards with Mr. G. Edwards.

Eighty-two ladies and eighty-six gentlemen shot.

Good scores appear to have been made in the handicap match on July 8—namely, 356 by Miss Betham, 334 by Mrs. G. Atkinson, and 321 by Miss Turner; 463 by Mr. G. Edwards, 420 by Mr. W. R. Atkinson, and 394 by Mr. W. Rimington.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fourth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Exeter on August 3 and 4, 1864, when one hundred and seventeen ladies and fifty-eight gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss S. Dawson

86

416

46

252

132

668

Mrs. C. H. Everett

68

330

43

223

111

553

Miss Quin

75

347

42

188

117

535

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. L. Aston

72

280

74

336

44

220

190

836

Captain C. H. Fisher

80

340

64

250

37

195

181

785

Mr. H. B. Hare

53

225

65

251

35

169

153

645

Mr. W. Rimington

50

174

45

207

40

204

135

585

Miss S. Dawson and Mr. H. B. Hare became Championess and Champion of the West.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twelfth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 14 and 15, 1865, in the Jephson Gardens.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

86

412

47

259

133

671

Miss S. Dawson

84

404

45

241

129

645

Mrs. Horniblow

86

384

46

240

132

624

Mrs. E. Lister

69

311

40

198

109

509

Miss A. S. Butt

74

300

40

206

114

506

Miss Waller

70

310

40

192

110

502

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

78

338

76

352

44

218

198

908

Mr. T. L. Coulson

64

282

64

278

42

202

170

762

Mr. Betham

55

231

65

281

47

241

167

753

Mr. H. Walters

68

210

73

301

46

208

187

719

Captain Betham

69

261

73

267

35

175

177

703

Mr. Chance

70

304

64

240

38

154

172

698

Mr. H. Elliott

47

175

59

249

43

219

149

643

Mr. A. R. Tawney

55

207

59

235

37

161

151

603

Thirty-two ladies and forty gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Seventh Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 6 and 7, 1865.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

70

352

46

246

116

598

Miss E. K. Fenton

67

307

38

178

105

485

Mrs. Horniblow

70

304

38

176

108

480

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. E. A. Holmes

71

267

67

263

39

181

177

711

Mr. G. Edwards

50

162

63

265

44

246

157

673

Mr. H. Elliott

45

181

59

255

40

194

144

630

Mr. H. Walters

30

100

65

269

43

225

132

594

Miss H. Chetwynd (afterwards Mrs. Christie) had the management of this meeting, and of the previous one in 1864.

Forty ladies and forty-nine gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-second Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held at Clifton, near Bristol, on College Cricket-ground, on July 26 and 27, 1865.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

79

385

45

221

124

606

Miss S. Dawson

76

376

45

205

121

581

Mrs. E. Lister

74

362

42

218

116

580

Mrs. P. Becher

71

323

40

212

111

535

Mrs. FitzGerald

73

337

37

185

110

522

Mrs. Horniblow

67

281

43

213

110

494

Miss Betham won the silver bracer with 6-1/2 points. Miss L. J. Butt won the point for score at 50 yards (222); and Miss S. Dawson divided the point for hits at 50 yards with Miss Betham.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. E. A. Holmes

60

254

73

297

41

237

174

788

Mr. T. Boulton

68

272

64

288

41

205

173

765

Mr. P. Muir

71

289

60

250

38

180

169

719

Mr. G. Edwards

54

192

65

301

46

226

165

719

Mr. R. W. Atkinson

54

196

58

256

44

260

156

712

Mr. H. Walters

42

154

63

191

46

222

151

667

Mr. E. Mason

53

199

64

268

40

184

157

651

Mr. W. Rimington

52

188

66

274

40

176

158

638

Mr. T. L. Coulson

62

218

59

255

35

135

156

608

Mr. G. L. Aston

47

177

56

258

36

166

139

601

Mr. E. A. Holmes became the Champion, having won most points (5). Mr. P. Muir won 2 points for hits and score at 100 yards; Mr. G. Edwards won the point for score at 80 yards; and Mr. R. W. Atkinson won the point for score at 60 yards. Messrs. G. Edwards and H. Walters divided the point for hits at 60 yards.

Ninety-three ladies and ninety gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

No Grand Western Archery Meeting was held this year.

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirteenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 13 and 14, 1866.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

82

444

45

257

127

701

Mrs. Horniblow

83

423

46

276

129

699

Miss S. Dawson

91

459

43

187

134

646

Mrs. E. Lister

78

374

42

218

120

592

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

71

287

71

333

42

226

184

846

Mr. T. L. Coulson

70

290

76

362

40

180

186

832

Mr. T. Boulton

74

274

64

266

43

205

181

745

Mr. O. K. Prescot

51

205

64

288

43

229

158

722

Mr. H. Elliott

64

232

63

279

42

194

169

705

Mr. Golightly

56

244

65

271

42

188

163

703

Mr. Betham

65

267

64

264

44

168

173

699

Captain Betham

52

198

68

262

41

193

161

653

Mr. H. Walters

41

185

58

222

42

194

141

601

Mr. Golightly scored 405 on June 15 in the handicap match.

Thirty-one ladies and thirty-six gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Eighth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on June 28 and 29, 1866.

Twenty-nine ladies and forty-five gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

81

389

44

244

125

633

Mrs. Hosken

78

346

46

234

124

580

Mrs. Horniblow

82

348

44

222

126

570

Miss A. S. Butt

68

338

41

201

109

539

Mrs. P. Becher

72

332

42

194

114

526

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. Elliott

55

253

67

317

40

194

162

764

Mr. G. Edwards

71

285

55

261

41

213

167

759

Mr. T. Boulton

55

243

69

321

41

195

165

759

Mr. E. A. Holmes

67

275

74

296

40

184

181

755

Mr. T. L. Coulson

67

301

64

258

39

189

170

748

Mr. R. W. Atkinson

48

174

68

278

46

226

162

678

Mr. W. Rimington

52

234

55

243

41

199

148

676

Mr. F. Townsend

55

237

64

242

38

188

167

667

Captain C. H. Fisher

56

238

57

243

41

177

154

658

Captain Whitla

55

227

59

251

37

147

151

625

*      *      *      *      *

The Fifth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Weymouth on July 18 and 19, 1866, when seventy-seven ladies and fifty-nine gentlemen shot.

Miss S. Dawson and Mr. H. Walrond became respectively Championess and Champion of the West.

During these five Grand Western Archery Meetings Mr. T. Dawson acted as Hon. Secretary. No meeting was held in 1865, when the Grand National Archery Meeting was held at Clifton; and none was held in 1867.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

76

384

46

262

122

646

Miss S. Dawson

82

414

41

195

123

609

Miss A. S. Butt

66

296

42

221

108

517

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. Walrond

44

180

66

320

40

198

150

698

Mr. Betham

53

191

62

268

43

223

158

682

Mr. T. G. Golightly

51

205

56

254

38

202

145

661

Mr. W. Rimington

47

177

65

255

39

183

151

615

Mr. H. A. Ford

45

123

61

275

45

215

151

613

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-third Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held in the grounds of Sir R. Harvey, Bart., at Crown Point, near Norwich, on July 25 and 26, 1866.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

85

405

45

257

130

662

Mrs. Horniblow

86

428

42

212

128

640

Miss L. J. Butt

72

316

43

189

115

505

Miss A. S. Butt

60

262

44

228

104

490

Miss Betham won the silver bracer with 6 points. Mrs. Horniblow won the 2 points for hits and score at 60 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

66

280

79

345

47

275

192

900

Mr. E. A. Holmes

65

247

69

297

46

246

180

790

Mr. W. Rimington

59

255

65

251

44

224

168

730

Mr. Betham

60

200

74

288

44

194

178

682

Mr. R. W. Atkinson

58

198

68

282

42

202

168

682

Mr. F. Townsend

57

217

64

274

42

188

163

679

Mr. T. L. Coulson

61

229

65

251

40

188

166

668

Mr. H. A. Ford

59

191

63

255

40

220

162

666

Captain Whitla

65

241

65

239

36

184

166

664

Mr. O. K. Prescot

49

179

72

280

43

197

164

656

Captain C. H. Fisher

71

255

59

195

42

192

172

642

Mr. C. C. Ellison

52

198

49

203

41

219

142

620

Mr. F. Partridge

63

227

50

226

36

166

149

619

Mr. Chance

61

283

56

200

34

116

151

599

Mr. G. Edwards won all the points, and became the Champion.

Seventy-four ladies and seventy-five gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fourteenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 12 and 13, 1867.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

86

466

47

277

133

743

Mrs. Horniblow

85

423

37

217

122

640

Mrs. E. Lister

84

394

45

237

129

631

Mrs. Litchfield

65

337

31

169

96

506

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

94

416

78

322

47

257

219

995

Mr. O. K. Prescot

83

317

76

362

43

245

202

924

Mr. R. Caldwell

65

281

69

327

41

225

175

833

Mr. H. Elliott

69

271

64

272

42

246

175

789

Mr. Betham

61

259

59

245

38

192

158

696

Mr. T. L. Coulson

51

181

59

255

40

182

150

618

Mr. W. Butt

51

193

62

230

39

193

152

616

Mr. Spottiswoode

65

213

61

225

38

170

164

608

Mr. R. Caldwell scored 423 on June 14 in the handicap match.

Twenty-five ladies and forty-one gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Ninth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 18 and 19, 1867.

Mr. O. K. Prescot scored 451 on July 20 in the handicap match.

Forty-nine ladies and sixty-six gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss S. Dawson

84

378

44

248

128

626

Miss Ripley

70

320

43

201

113

521

Miss Betham

69

281

42

218

111

499

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

62

224

73

325

47

239

182

788

Mr. O. K. Prescot

54

186

72

350

44

210

170

746

Mr. Spottiswoode

69

247

66

268

43

209

178

724

Mr. W. Rimington

68

248

55

215

45

215

168

678

Mr. E. A. Holmes

63

219

69

259

38

198

170

676

Mr. H. Elliott

41

173

67

291

44

206

152

670

Mr. Betham

39

131

60

272

43

239

142

642

Captain C. H. Fisher

45

173

64

276

40

186

149

635

Mr. J. M. Croker

52

186

61

259

41

181

154

626

Mr. R. W. Atkinson

47

153

59

235

43

217

149

605

Admiral Lowe

44

156

67

297

33

151

144

604

Mr. St. J. Coventry

44

182

55

205

43

217

142

604

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-fourth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held at Preston, near Brighton, on July 24 and 25, 1867.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. E. Lister

86

454

42

236

130

690

Miss Betham

82

366

47

281

129

647

Miss S. Dawson

88

404

44

242

132

646

Mrs. Horniblow

88

450

42

196

130

646

Miss Stephenson

70

310

41

233

111

543

Mrs. J. R. Thomson

75

361

35

169

110

530

Miss A. S. Butt

69

319

41

191

110

510

Mrs. E. Lister won the silver bracer of the Championess with 3 points. Miss S. Dawson won the 2 points for most hits, and divided the point for hits at 60 yards with Mrs. Horniblow. Miss Betham won 2 points for hits and score at 50 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

94

396

74

364

47

277

215

1037

Mr. E. A. Holmes

88

412

73

345

42

216

203

973

Mr. Spottiswoode

90

350

71

293

41

205

202

848

Mr. O. K. Prescot

67

285

77

313

45

235

189

833

Mr. W. Rimington

74

254

72

316

46

232

192

802

Mr. G. Edwards

60

230

75

361

39

197

174

788

Mr. Betham

58

242

62

290

45

233

165

765

Mr. P. Muir

75

281

50

236

44

212

169

729

Mr. R. Caldwell

59

189

74

314

41

221

174

724

Admiral Lowe

55

221

58

266

45

221

158

708

Mr. H. Elliott

58

198

61

255

44

232

163

685

Captain C. H. Fisher

76

290

59

223

38

170

173

683

Mr. R. W. Atkinson

56

208

57

245

45

229

158

682

Mr. T. Boulton

46

154

66

312

44

208

156

674

Mr. C. Ellison

45

193

63

263

38

194

146

650

Mr. T. L. Coulson

61

215

58

242

39

175

158

632

Mr. G. Holmes

58

198

57

219

41

205

156

622

Mr. H. A. Ford became the Champion for the twelfth and last time. He won 8 points, Mr. E. A. Holmes having won the point for score at 100 yards, and Mr. O. K. Prescot that for score at 80 yards. Mr. E. A. Holmes was unwell during the shooting at 60 yards on the second day, when he made only 89 at that distance. The average value of the first ten on this occasion, all over 700, was 820·7; and this still remains the highest average ever yet attained. Mr. H. A. Ford on this occasion was using very weak bows, not much more than forty pounds in weight, and light arrows.

Seventy-two ladies and eighty-six gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

A Grand Archery Meeting was held, in the Public Recreation Ground at Hastings, on July 31 and August 1, 1867.

Thirty-three ladies and twenty-seven gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

88

458

47

275

135

733

Miss A. Betham

76

324

48

238

124

562

Mrs. P. Becher

78

336

39

207

117

543

Miss L. J. Butt

70

294

43

227

113

521

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

82

302

76

298

40

230

198

830

Mr. O. K. Prescot

83

331

72

302

39

165

194

798

Mr. Betham

76

304

63

235

44

210

183

749

Mr. W. Butt

66

246

53

191

43

231

162

668

Admiral Lowe

60

266

48

196

40

206

148

668

Mr. T. Boulton

49

225

58

244

37

179

144

648

Captain C. H. Fisher

50

190

63

291

37

165

150

646

Captain Betham

57

197

50

230

41

189

148

616

In the handicap match shot in the Archery Ground, St. Leonards-on-Sea, on the next day—August 2—Captain C. H. Fisher scored 472 and Mr. H. A. Ford 471.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fifteenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 10 and 11, 1868.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

90

474

45

245

135

719

Miss Ripley

80

412

48

244

128

656

Miss Betham

79

411

44

220

123

631

Mrs. W. Butt (Miss S. Dawson)

83

401

43

225

126

626

Mrs. A. Knox (Miss E. A. Betham)

77

385

46

226

123

611

Mrs. P. Becher

70

344

42

222

112

566

Miss Stephenson

72

306

44

230

116

536

Mrs. W. S. Miller

71

317

43

209

114

526

Miss H. Hutchinson

75

325

44

194

119

519

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

89

419

83

405

47

263

219

1087

Mr. O. K. Prescot

76

262

78

334

45

231

199

827

Mr. Betham

74

290

66

282

43

225

183

797

Captain C. H. Fisher

69

241

63

291

45

239

177

771

Mr. R. Caldwell

61

201

72

310

45

217

178

728

Mr. H. Elliott

52

186

71

313

42

208

165

707

Mr. W. Butt

57

187

70

266

38

192

165

645

Mr. Coker

52

200

66

268

31

137

149

605

Mr. Jenner-Fust

47

171

64

250

41

181

152

602

Thirty ladies and forty-one gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

A Grand Archery Meeting was held in the Lower Ground, Aston Park, Birmingham, on June 16 and 17, 1868.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Ripley

82

444

45

249

127

693

Mrs. W. Butt

84

422

44

232

128

654

Miss Betham

80

342

47

253

127

595

Mrs. P. Becher

83

373

41

191

124

564

Miss H. Hutchinson

83

391

38

172

121

563

Mrs. A. Knox (Miss A. Betham)

84

358

44

180

128

538

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

82

338

80

410

46

248

208

996

Captain C. H. Fisher

93

397

66

258

41

207

200

862

Mr. W. Butt

54

256

58

258

43

215

155

729

Mr. O. K. Prescot

64

232

62

250

43

227

169

709

Mr. Betham

67

245

58

236

40

202

165

683

Mr. H. Elliott

51

189

71

299

41

195

163

683

Mr. R. Caldwell

50

202

64

264

46

190

160

656

Mr. Coker

59

225

58

246

32

144

149

615

Twenty-two ladies and thirty gentlemen shot.

This meeting was managed by Mr. N. Merridew for Mr. Quilter.

*      *      *      *      *

The Tenth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 2 and 3, 1868.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. W. Butt

87

443

43

217

130

660

Mrs. Horniblow

86

424

44

230

130

654

Miss Betham

83

421

42

230

125

651

Miss H. Hutchinson

86

408

39

193

125

619

Miss Ripley

80

368

46

228

126

596

Miss Ellis

68

280

43

235

111

515

Miss Adams

66

308

41

207

107

515

Mrs. A. Knox

81

345

38

168

119

513

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. E. A. Holmes

77

339

79

355

40

208

196

902

Mr. W. Rimington

84

338

78

296

42

228

204

862

Mr. H. A. Ford

81

315

75

313

39

157

195

785

Mr. Spottiswoode

62

234

66

302

43

219

171

755

Mr. E. N. Snow

49

195

58

258

44

224

151

677

Mr. F. Townsend

52

200

69

299

36

172

157

671

Mr. J. M. Croker

40

162

68

292

42

214

150

668

Mr. Betham

44

160

67

295

41

195

152

650

Mr. Jenner-Fust

53

209

67

243

40

196

160

648

Captain C. H. Fisher

68

272

47

185

43

189

158

646

Mr. H. Elliott

54

172

60

262

39

171

153

605

Thirty-seven ladies and fifty gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-fifth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held at Hereford, on the Racecourse, on July 29 and 30, 1868.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

80

382

48

290

128

672

Mrs. W. Butt

87

359

47

265

134

624

Mrs. P. Becher

79

401

41

193

120

594

Mrs. E. Lister

72

346

43

247

115

593

Mrs. Horniblow

82

364

44

222

126

586

Miss Ripley

70

330

42

214

112

544

Miss Betham won the silver bracer with 4 points. Mrs. W. Butt won 2 points for most hits and another point for hits at 60 yards. Mrs. P. Becher won the point for score at 60 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. W. Rimington

77

299

68

288

42

220

187

807

Mr. O. K. Prescot

69

281

63

315

39

191

171

787

Captain C. H. Fisher

78

312

57

235

40

208

175

755

Mr. E. A. Holmes

62

242

66

290

42

208

170

740

Mr. H. A. Ford

66

230

65

291

42

214

173

735

Colonel M. F. Ward

51

197

64

302

43

223

158

722

Mr. J. M. Croker

51

191

65

263

44

242

160

696

Mr. H. Elliott

64

258

61

267

35

157

160

682

Mr. Betham

56

210

57

239

41

219

154

668

Mr. H. Walrond

48

192

62

286

41

187

151

665

Mr. Jenner-Fust

45

173

67

295

40

190

152

658

Mr. W. Butt

49

211

53

289

43

199

145

649

Mr. W. Rimington became the Champion with 5 points. Captain C. H. Fisher won 2 points for hits and score at 100 yards. Mr. O. K. Prescot won the point for score at 80 yards; and Mr. J. M. Croker won the points for score and hits at 60 yards.

Sixty-three ladies and sixty-nine gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

Mr. W. Rimington scored 433 on July 31 in the handicap match.

*      *      *      *      *

The Sixth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Bitton, near Teignmouth, on September 9 and 10, 1868.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

83

453

44

238

127

691

Miss Ripley

85

397

45

219

130

616

Miss Rowlett

62

268

43

201

105

469

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

70

300

76

364

44

260

190

924

Colonel M. F. Ward

67

299

68

320

39

217

174

836

Mr. H. B. Hare

53

199

73

325

30

198

156

722

Mr. E. N. Snow

48

192

63

275

43

237

154

704

Admiral A. Lowe

69

283

56

242

34

160

159

685

Mr. C. H. Everett

63

221

56

212

37

189

156

622

Mr. H. Walrond

58

206

47

207

42

188

147

601

Miss Ripley became Championess, and Colonel Ward Champion of the West.

Fifty-six ladies and thirty-eight gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Sixteenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 9 and 10, 1869, in the Jephson Gardens.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

70

344

47

251

117

595

Mrs. Kinahan

80

344

45

233

125

577

Mrs. P. Becher

79

349

43

227

122

576

Mrs. Horniblow

78

352

43

221

121

573

Miss Peel

75

353

43

203

118

556

Miss Stephenson

73

315

42

204

115

519

Mrs. E. Lister

67

311

38

202

105

513

Miss H. Hutchinson

74

328

44

178

118

506

Miss F. Flight

67

333

36

166

103

499

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. A. Ford

95

403

77

369

48

260

220

1032

Captain C. H. Fisher

60

250

74

312

43

205

177

767

Mr. O. K. Prescot

79

281

65

291

37

161

181

733

Mr. H. Elliott

74

286

69

247

39

145

182

678

Mr. T. L. Coulson

56

236

59

231

40

164

155

631

Mr. Walford

50

198

52

210

44

220

146

628

Mr. W. Ford

49

195

60

238

35

179

144

612

Twenty-one ladies and thirty-nine gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Eleventh Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 8 and 9, 1869.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

88

410

48

266

136

676

Miss Ripley

81

369

46

278

127

647

Miss H. Hutchinson

68

308

41

243

109

551

Miss Stephenson

74

336

40

200

114

536

Mrs. P. Becher

69

305

43

229

112

534

Mrs. Kinahan

74

344

40

184

114

528

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. W. Rimington

80

334

73

347

44

236

197

917

Mr. H. A. Ford

66

258

76

362

47

269

189

889

Captain C. H. Fisher

77

313

71

319

42

210

190

842

Mr. H. Elliott

60

234

80

380

40

204

180

818

Mr. E. A. Holmes

68

258

66

250

45

241

179

749

Mr. Walford

38

156

63

287

47

237

148

680

Mr. Horlock

54

210

60

262

41

193

155

665

Mr. W. L. Selfe

63

223

56

222

42

218

161

663

Mr. J. M. Croker

49

209

57

217

45

233

151

659

Admiral Lowe

57

207

59

233

40

192

156

632

Mr. Betham

57

213

48

176

40

212

145

601

Mr. Lea

48

198

47

193

41

209

136

600

Forty-two ladies and fifty-seven gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-sixth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held in the Aston Park Grounds, near Birmingham, on July 28 and 29, 1869.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

78

402

45

227

123

629

Mrs. Kinahan

83

409

40

198

123

607

Mrs. E. Lister

65

299

45

219

110

518

Miss Betham

61

247

43

239

104

486

Miss Stephenson

62

276

41

201

103

477

Miss H. Hutchinson

73

321

35

155

108

476

Mrs. Horniblow won the silver bracer with the highest score, as there was a tie between her and Mrs. Kinahan in points. This was said to be the case at the time, but it does not appear to have been so from the published scores, as Mrs. Horniblow had the advantage by one-half a point. Mrs. Horniblow appears to have won 2 points for gross score, 1 point for a tie with Mrs. Kinahan for total hits, and one-half a point for a tie with Mrs. E. Lister for hits at 50 yards—total, 3-1/2 points. Mrs. Kinahan won 2 points for hits and score at 60 yards, and 1 point for the tie in total hits—her total being only 3 points. Miss Betham won 1 point for score at 50 yards. The annual report of this meeting was never issued by the Hon. Secretary, the Rev. O. Luard, so the actual state of the case cannot now be made certain. Of course there may have been an error in the unofficial accounts published.

Mr. W. Rimington won the Champion's gold medal with the highest score, as there was a tie in points between him and Captain C. H. Fisher, each having won 4 points. Mr. W. Rimington won 1 point for score at 100 yards, 1 point for score at 60 yards, and 2 points for gross score. Captain C. H. Fisher won 2 points for score and hits at 80 yards, and 2 for most total hits. Mr. E. A. Holmes won 1 point for hits at 60 yards, and Mr. O. K. Prescot one point for hits at 100 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. W. Rimington

71

335

75

311

45

263

191

909

Mr. E. A. Holmes

66

274

74

356

47

253

187

883

Captain C. H. Fisher

73

279

77

369

42

212

192

860

Mr. H. A. Ford

65

247

67

343

44

224

176

814

Mr. G. Edwards

54

216

70

324

46

232

170

772

Mr. O. K. Prescot

76

298

62

270

44

198

182

766

Mr. H. Elliott

69

237

63

277

37

193

169

707

Mr. H. Walrond

55

213

68

300

41

187

164

700

Mr. C. H. Everett

69

237

60

294

38

142

167

673

Captain Lewin, R. E.

51

201

60

218

38

198

149

617

Mr. H. B. Hare

54

214

65

265

33

135

152

614

Mr. T. L. Coulson

59

211

51

221

35

175

145

607

On this occasion it was decided by the Committee that in future the Champion honours at their meetings should be decided by gross score and not by points. A handsome silver cup, value 50 guineas, collected by small subscriptions from numerous archers, was presented on July 29 to Mr. C. M. Caldecott, of Holbrooke Grange, near Rugby, who had acted for many years as judge at these meetings.

Only thirty-six ladies and sixty-nine gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*      *      *      *      *

The Seventh Grand Western Archery Meeting was held in Mr. Parson's grounds at Bitton, near Teignmouth, on August 4 and 5, 1869.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Ripley

76

390

46

270

122

660

Mrs. Kinahan

86

412

36

176

122

588

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. H. Everett

59

227

74

310

39

175

172

712

Mr. R. Price

51

211

63

279

40

194

154

684

Mr. H. Walrond

45

157

64

296

38

186

147

639

Mr. Jenner-Fust

53

233

55

193

40

212

148

638

Colonel M. F. Ward

56

182

60

266

40

180

158

628

Miss Ripley and Mr. R. Price became Championess and Champion of the West.

Sixty-two ladies and thirty-nine gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Seventeenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 15 and 16, 1870.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. W. Butt

93

525

44

260

137

785

Mrs. Villiers Forbes

86

454

43

227

129

681

Miss H. Hutchinson

83

403

44

232

127

635

Mrs. Horniblow

83

389

44

236

127

625

Mrs. E. Lister

83

365

44

232

127

597

Miss Joan Ley

76

326

41

223

117

539

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. Elliott

83

359

69

283

44

248

196

890

Mr. Jenner-Fust

67

245

69

295

46

240

182

780

Mr. Betham

61

243

69

295

40

212

170

750

Mr. O. K. Prescot

62

242

79

311

40

194

181

747

Colonel M. F. Ward

59

211

63

323

37

179

159

713

Mr. W. F. Heideman

50

168

64

286

42

214

156

668

Captain Lewin, R. E.

66

224

57

239

38

166

161

629

Mr. W. Butt

43

159

48

214

45

233

136

606

Mr. T. L. Coulson

58

196

64

246

41

163

163

605

Twenty-five ladies and forty gentlemen shot.

Mr. O. K. Prescot scored 400 on June 17 in the handicap match.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twelfth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 7 and 8, 1870.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. V. Forbes

93

479

45

273

138

752

Mrs. W. Butt

86

442

46

280

132

722

Mrs. Horniblow

78

392

45

241

123

633

Mrs. Kinahan

79

377

41

231

120

608

Miss H. Hutchinson

78

332

46

252

124

584

Miss Joan Ley

66

338

47

207

113

545

Miss H. Holmes

75

307

42

224

117

531

Mrs. Hosken

68

302

45

219

113

521

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. E. A. Holmes

74

284

79

365

46

248

199

897

Mr. H. Elliott

73

263

72

338

41

193

186

794

Captain C. H. Fisher

86

336

60

264

40

184

186

784

Mr. Jenner-Fust

42

168

72

342

46

212

160

722

Mr. H. Walrond

52

214

63

297

41

207

156

718

Mr. Walford

58

206

60

286

41

169

159

661

Mr. W. Butt

49

201

60

258

40

180

149

639

Colonel A. Robertson

47

181

56

236

41

195

144

612

Mr. T. Boulton

48

186

58

240

36

182

142

608

Forty-eight ladies and thirty-nine gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-seventh Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on July 21 and 22, 1870, at Weston, near Bath.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

86

412

48

288

134

700

Mrs. V. Forbes

87

405

47

279

134

684

Mrs. W. Butt

90

424

46

232

136

656

Mrs. E. Lister

81

395

44

218

125

613

Miss H. Hutchinson

82

364

44

232

126

596

Mrs. P. Pinckney

74

350

44

246

118

596

Miss Hulme

75

359

46

234

121

593

Miss Joan Ley

69

337

41

183

110

520

Miss Ripley 11

45

191

47

285

92

476

Mrs. J. R. Thomson

60

254

46

214

106

468

11 Shot only 15 arrows at 60 yards the first day.

Mrs. Horniblow became the Championess by highest gross score. The points happened to be equally divided between her and Mrs. W. Butt.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. E. A. Holmes

66

258

72

302

45

247

183

807

Captain C. H. Fisher

77

349

64

270

42

178

183

797

Mr. C. H. Everett

86

348

72

284

36

146

194

778

Mr. Walford

70

274

64

286

44

206

178

766

Mr. H. Elliott

75

313

67

267

42

184

184

764

Mr. W. Rimington

66

192

58

236

45

215

169

743

Mr. W. Butt

45

185

64

318

43

223

152

726

Mr. E. Ley

51

205

69

333

38

186

158

724

Mr. O. K. Prescot

63

287

58

220

38

202

159

709

Mr. Betham

51

207

66

266

42

228

159

701

Colonel M. F. Ward

52

192

61

263

45

237

158

692

Mr. W. F. Heideman

43

149

72

334

39

189

154

672

Mr. E. A. Holmes became the Champion with the highest score under the rule passed in 1869 abolishing points. He would have become champion by one-third of a point.

The average of the shooting at this meeting was unusually good amongst the gentlemen, being 751·5 for the first ten.

Mr. H. A. Ford was present, but did not shoot.

The weather was excessively hot.

Eighty-three ladies and seventy-nine gentlemen shot.

Good scores were made by Mr. E. A. Holmes (490), Captain C. H. Fisher (443), and Mr. Walford (411), on July 23, in the handicap match.

*      *      *      *      *

The Eighth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held in the grounds at Bitton, near Teignmouth, on July 27 and 28, 1870.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss M. Lockyer

91

463

45

235

136

698

Mrs. V. Forbes

81

407

47

275

128

682

Mrs. P. Pinckney

85

403

45

249

130

652

Miss J. Ley

85

387

45

263

130

650

Miss Ripley

78

362

47

283

125

645

Miss H. Hutchinson

78

320

45

249

123

569

Mrs. J. R. Thomson

83

343

39

205

122

548

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Captain C. H. Fisher

91

375

88

424

46

234

225

1033

Mr. H. Walrond

50

216

71

331

44

246

165

793

Mr. Betham

52

250

68

302

40

192

160

744

Mr. O. K. Prescot

57

215

64

282

42

208

163

705

Mr. E. N. Snow

65

277

50

226

42

200

157

703

Mr. W. Rimington

54

198

57

223

42

242

153

663

Mr. Price

35

137

71

323

36

160

142

620

Colonel M. F. Ward

53

179

57

239

41

189

151

607

Miss M. Lockyer and Mr. Walrond became Championess and Champion of the West.

Sixty-three ladies and forty-three gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Eighteenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 14 and 15, 1871.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

89

503

47

265

136

768

Mrs. V. Forbes

77

431

48

268

125

699

Mrs. W. Butt

83

403

44

240

127

643

Mrs. E. Lister

76

368

45

221

121

589

Miss Joan Ley

76

348

46

218

122

566

Mrs. P. Becher

71

329

42

176

113

505

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Captain C. H. Fisher

88

356

72

340

45

221

205

917

Mr. T. L. Coulson

76

296

74

294

45

225

195

815

Mr. Jenner-Fust

58

228

71

305

44

222

173

755

Mr. C. H. Everett

61

227

63

259

40

210

164

696

Mr. G. L. Aston

69

287

54

206

38

194

161

687

Mr. F. Townsend

59

209

66

284

35

167

160

660

Mr. W. Butt

47

157

66

290

41

197

154

644

Mr. H. Elliott

49

193

61

231

44

204

154

628

Twenty-three ladies and thirty-six gentlemen shot.

During all these eighteen Leamington meetings Mr. N. Merridew acted as Secretary and Manager, and Mr. C. M. Caldecott as Judge.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-eighth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on the College Cricket-ground, at Cheltenham, on June 28 and 29, 1871.

At this meeting the system of points for the selection of the Champion and Championess was reintroduced, and Mrs. Horniblow became the Championess with all the points, except that Mrs. V. Forbes and Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey tied her in hits at 50 yards, with 47 hits. This score of 746 was the best yet made, Mrs. Horniblow's own score of 700 at Bath in 1870 being the next best.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

91

467

47

279

138

746

Mrs. E. Lister

90

434

44

230

134

664

Mrs. W. Butt

79

391

45

261

124

652

Mrs. V. Forbes

80

358

47

269

127

627

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

75

365

47

231

122

596

Mrs. J. E. Thomson

73

325

46

258

119

583

Miss Betham

75

315

45

249

120

564

Miss Joan Ley

70

308

41

205

111

513

Miss Hulme

68

300

43

211

111

511

Miss F. Flight

63

269

45

237

108

506

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Captain C. H. Fisher

80

338

80

358

45

259

205

955

Mr. W. Rimington

66

232

68

330

47

233

181

795

Mr. H. Walrond

58

242

67

337

42

210

167

789

Mr. Jenner-Fust

56

250

62

268

46

220

164

738

Mr. T. L. Coulson

52

180

62

260

41

221

155

663

Mr. Walford

49

213

56

240

41

199

146

652

Mr. H. Elliott

58

212

56

230

43

197

157

639

Mr. P. Muir

44

194

57

263

40

180

141

637

Captain C. H. Fisher won the Championship with all the points, except that for hits at 60 yards, which was won by Mr. W. Rimington (47). This 955 was the best score yet made by anybody except Mr. H. A. Ford, and Mr. Holmes, whose score was 973 at Brighton in 1867.

Fifty-nine ladies and sixty-eight gentlemen shot at this meeting.

On the next day—June 30—Mr. Aston made 389, Miss Hulme 388, and Mrs. W. Butt 380.

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirteenth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 12 and 13, 1871.

Twenty-three ladies and thirty-seven gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. W. Butt

86

438

47

275

133

713

Mrs. Horniblow

80

396

46

256

126

652

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

80

392

46

248

126

640

Miss Ripley

75

335

47

251

122

586

Miss Betham

76

340

43

217

119

557

Mrs. V. Forbes

79

349

40

188

119

537

Mrs. J. R. Thomson

69

315

38

208

107

523

Mrs. Kinahan

70

288

43

223

113

501

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Captain C. H. Fisher

87

349

81

337

46

274

214

960

Mr. H. Elliott

70

276

70

328

44

226

184

830

Mr. C. H. Everett

56

254

63

287

42

194

161

735

Mr. H. Walrond

56

232

64

310

41

185

161

727

Mr. T. L. Coulson

53

203

66

284

40

182

159

669

Captain Lewin, R. E.

72

254

62

258

35

153

169

665

Mr. Walford

49

159

66

290

43

211

158

660

Mr. B. P. Gregson

53

227

64

240

37

173

154

640

Mr. Jenner-Fust

39

141

57

229

44

224

140

594

Mr. R. Butt acted as Hon. Secretary to these meetings from 1867 to 1871 inclusive.

*      *      *      *      *

The Ninth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Bitton, near Teignmouth, on August 2 and 3, 1871, when fifty-four ladies and thirty-five gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Ripley

86

434

45

265

131

699

Mrs. V. Forbes

75

337

44

248

119

585

Mrs. Letts

68

342

39

177

107

519

Mrs. P. Pinckney

70

318

37

177

107

495

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. Walrond

66

296

68

328

45

227

179

851

Admiral A. Lowe

79

353

59

265

36

180

174

798

Mr. R. Price

73

283

68

288

42

226

183

797

Captain C. H. Fisher

73

293

66

302

39

171

178

766

Mr. C. H. Everett

58

256

57

243

38

236

153

735

Mr. T. L. Coulson

70

268

56

208

38

164

164

640

Miss Ripley and Mr. Walrond became Championess and Champion of the West.

*      *      *      *      *

The Nineteenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens, on June 12 and 13, 1872.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

88

470

46

242

134

712

Mrs. Kinahan

90

434

43

237

133

671

Mrs. V. Forbes

82

390

48

276

130

666

Mrs. E. Lister

81

381

46

226

127

607

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Captain C. H. Fisher

88

358

73

267

39

179

200

804

Mr. H. Sagar

65

241

70

284

40

210

175

735

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

64

242

73

273

42

206

179

721

Mr. G. L. Aston

54

226

48

266

41

213

143

705

Mr. Betham

61

259

58

222

44

206

163

687

Mr. W. Ford

59

219

71

263

40

198

170

680

Mr. H. Elliott

51

201

61

281

38

184

150

666

Mr. T. L. Coulson

68

242

58

262

34

150

160

654

Mr. B. P. Gregson

70

264

51

191

42

190

163

645

Captain Lewin, R. E.

65

241

66

258

34

134

165

633

Mr. O. K. Prescot

66

246

50

196

39

189

155

631

Eighteen ladies and thirty-two gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fourteenth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 11 and 12, 1872.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. J. R. Thomson

81

343

47

261

128

604

Mrs. P. Pinckney

72

328

46

208

118

536

Miss Ripley

69

299

40

200

109

499

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. Sagar

52

214

73

335

41

197

166

746

Captain C. H. Fisher

74

258

67

211

45

225

186

694

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

59

195

63

289

41

201

163

685

Mr. H. Elliott

55

207

56

222

41

193

152

622

Thirty-six ladies and thirty-three gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-ninth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held, in the grounds of the College at Cheltenham, on June 26 and 27, 1872.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

88

394

48

266

136

660

Mrs. J. R. Thomson

80

372

45

233

125

605

Mrs. Kinahan

75

365

46

216

121

581

Mrs. E. Lister

75

327

41

243

116

570

Miss H. Hutchinson

72

320

45

239

117

559

Mrs. Acklom

73

317

41

201

114

518

Mrs. Horniblow won the silver bracer, having secured all the points.

Captain C. H. Fisher became Champion with highest gross score, as he was a tie with Mr. Betham for points, each having 4—Captain Fisher having hits and score at 80 yards and gross score, and Mr. Betham hits and score at 100 yards and gross hits. Mr. Sagar won the 2 points for hits and score at 60 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Captain C. H. Fisher

64

242

75

347

36

182

175

771

Mr. Jenner-Fust

68

250

65

291

43

207

176

748

Mr. Betham

71

269

67

267

40

176

178

712

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

63

259

50

216

43

209

156

684

Mr. H. Sagar

37

139

58

250

47

227

142

616

Mr. H. Elliott

56

188

59

233

42

194

157

615

Fifty-five ladies and fifty-eight gentlemen shot at this meeting.

Mrs. Thomson made a score of 345 on the following day—June 28—in the handicap match.

*      *      *      *      *

The Tenth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Sherborne, in Mr. Digby's grounds, on August 7 and 8, 1872, when fifty-four ladies and forty-four gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. P. Pinckney

85

401

47

249

132

650

Miss Lockyer

72

334

43

223

115

557

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Captain C. H. Fisher

95

429

76

370

47

261

218

1060

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

68

256

65

299

46

262

179

817

Mr. R. Price

58

234

59

261

41

211

158

706

Mr. H. Walrond

52

206

58

256

47

221

157

683

Mr. C. H. Everett

55

229

53

199

40

188

148

616

Mr. T. Boulton

53

211

60

264

33

141

146

616

Mr. Jenner-Fust

66

244

55

217

31

149

152

610

Mrs. P. Pinckney and Mr. Price became Championess and Champion of the West.

*      *      *      *      *

No Leamington Archery Meeting was held in 1873, as the Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held in Leamington in the course of the year.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fifteenth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 9 and 10, 1873.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. P. Pinckney

88

468

47

261

135

729

Mrs. Horniblow

89

477

46

242

135

719

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

84

398

46

244

130

642

Miss H. Hutchinson

73

317

46

234

119

551

Miss Ripley

77

329

39

221

116

550

Mrs. Mayhew

79

345

35

179

114

524

Mrs. M. Barnard

78

334

38

172

116

506

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. H. Everett

76

340

78

316

38

192

192

848

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

69

265

66

288

45

241

180

794

Mr. H. H. Palairet

68

278

71

325

42

182

181

785

Mr. H. Sagar

43

195

64

308

46

228

153

731

Mr. T. Boulton

63

251

65

241

41

213

169

705

Mr. Betham

62

214

62

284

44

188

168

686

Mr. B. P. Gregson

59

247

64

258

35

151

158

656

Mr. T. L. Coulson

50

172

60

266

35

181

145

619

Mr. A. Henty

51

181

57

235

38

180

146

596

Dr. R. Harris

45

167

61

263

36

166

142

596

Forty-four ladies and twenty-seven gentlemen shot.

Major Lewin acted as Hon. Secretary to these meetings in 1872 and 1873.

*      *      *      *      *

A Grand Archery Meeting was held on the Cricket-ground of the Alexandra Park Company, Muswell Hill, near Hornsey, on July 17 and 18, 1873.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

90

460

47

273

137

733

Miss H. Hutchinson

77

343

45

239

122

582

Mrs. P. Pinckney

73

321

47

253

120

574

Miss Betham

73

365

40

198

113

563

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

76

330

44

228

120

558

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

62

266

77

309

46

242

185

817

Major C. H. Fisher

84

298

65

285

42

194

191

777

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

72

262

65

289

44

220

181

771

Mr. C. H. Everett

60

252

72

310

39

169

171

731

Mr. H. Sagar

62

250

66

292

39

183

167

725

Admiral A. Lowe

49

219

71

303

43

195

163

717

Mr. T. Boulton

59

215

56

216

43

217

158

648

Mr. Betham

48

176

62

222

43

209

153

607

Mr. G. L. Aston

54

188

53

237

33

161

140

586

Mr. R. Braithwaite

42

152

56

258

34

176

132

586

Mr. T. Aldred had the management of this meeting.

Thirty-seven ladies and thirty-four gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirtieth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held at Leamington, in Mrs. Wise's grounds, Shrublands, on July 23 and 24, 1873.

Mrs. Horniblow again won the silver bracer with 6 points. Mrs. P. Pinckney won the points for hits and score at 50 yards.

Major Fisher became Champion with 8-1/2 points. Mr. A. Henty won the point for hits at 60 yards, and Mr. Fust tied Major Fisher for the point for score at 60 yards.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

95

521

47

243

142

764

Miss Ripley

86

414

44

240

130

654

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

82

396

45

243

127

639

Mrs. P. Pinckney

81

351

48

272

129

623

Miss H. Hutchinson

81

405

40

210

121

615

Miss Betham

76

338

45

225

121

563

Mrs. Villiers Forbes

75

331

44

230

119

561

Mrs. Hornby

77

359

44

200

121

559

Mrs. Letts

87

305

42

208

129

513

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

75

291

81

373

42

234

198

898

Mr. H. H. Palairet

67

243

75

305

44

226

186

774

Mr. C. H. Everett

52

216

73

329

39

205

164

750

Mr. T. Boulton

64

262

68

266

37

185

169

713

Mr. Jenner-Fust

69

261

58

216

42

234

169

711

Admiral A. Lowe

61

259

56

220

42

190

159

669

Mr. O. K. Prescot

59

227

66

276

39

165

164

668

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

66

276

56

202

37

175

159

653

Mr. E. N. Snow

58

250

60

230

39

153

157

633

Mr P. Muir

58

214

54

234

36

182

148

630

Mr. A. Henty

47

145

57

247

45

219

149

611

In the handicap match on the next day—July 25—Miss Hutchinson scored 350, Mrs. Hornby 312, Major Fisher 462, Mr. Everett 439, and Mr. Fryer 360.

Sixty-three ladies and seventy-six gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*      *      *      *      *

The Eleventh Grand Western Archery Meeting was held in Mr. Parson's grounds at Bitton, near Teignmouth, on August 27 and 28, 1873, when fifty-three ladies and thirty-nine gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. P. Pinckney

83

375

45

273

128

648

Miss Ripley

80

362

47

285

127

647

Mrs. Kinahan

70

308

45

233

115

541

Mrs. Letts

64

290

40

206

104

496

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. H. Everett

60

264

73

323

40

182

173

769

Mr. O. K. Prescot

58

264

63

269

38

170

159

703

Mr. H. Walrond

47

171

68

294

42

216

157

681

Captain C. H. Garnett

64

266

60

258

35

151

159

675

Mr. T. L. Coulson

57

203

65

273

35

167

157

643

Major C. H. Fisher

40

158

64

256

41

197

145

611

Mrs. Pinckney and Mr. Walrond became Championess and Champion of the West.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twentieth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 24 and 25, 1874.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. E. Lister

83

441

44

250

127

691

Mrs. V. Forbes

83

381

47

275

130

656

Miss H. Hutchinson

78

344

45

263

123

607

Mrs. Pond

74

322

47

261

121

583

Mrs. Hornby

77

345

47

235

124

580

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

75

271

47

261

122

532

Mrs. Mayhew

69

329

42

202

111

531

Miss M. A. Hollins

76

336

42

190

118

526

Mrs. J. F. Stilwell

67

301

38

196

105

497

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. O. K. Prescot

90

350

65

279

43

195

198

824

Mr. Betham

61

261

71

325

45

217

177

803

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

74

288

63

225

44

228

181

741

Mr. G. L. Aston

57

211

57

223

41

199

155

633

Mr. H. Sagar

56

244

50

196

38

188

144

628

Captain C. H. Garnett

39

149

68

296

39

177

146

622

Colonel Norbury

44

140

65

279

45

201

154

620

Twenty-four ladies and thirty-eight gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Sixteenth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 8 and 9, 1874.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Pond

83

421

47

279

130

700

Miss Croker

74

382

42

230

116

612

Mrs. Mayhew

77

339

48

266

125

605

Mrs. J. F. Stilwell

75

357

44

236

119

593

Miss H. Hutchinson

71

323

44

244

115

567

Mrs. Marshall

83

375

37

189

120

564

Mrs. P. Pinckney

69

311

46

240

115

551

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. W. Rimington

73

329

78

334

46

250

197

913

Major C. H. Fisher

80

326

74

354

42

206

196

886

Mr. Betham

67

283

70

304

38

176

175

763

Mr. H. Sagar

61

229

68

310

43

197

172

736

Mr. A. Henty

56

222

68

288

42

160

166

670

Major Lewin, R. E.

53

195

57

277

35

161

145

633

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

46

214

55

221

39

183

140

618

Thirty-nine ladies and forty-three gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twelfth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Weymouth on July 29 and 30, 1874, when fifty-two ladies and thirty-six gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Pond

75

327

41

187

116

514

Mrs. Horniblow

72

304

44

200

116

504

Mrs. C. Betham

68

304

41

191

109

495

Miss Betham

60

270

44

212

104

482

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

73

289

43

191

116

480

Miss Lowe

66

306

37

169

103

475

Mrs. P. Pinckney

64

244

44

230

108

474

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

72

246

65

267

42

244

179

757

Mr. H. Walrond

55

243

56

286

35

133

146

662

Mr. W. Rimington

65

233

60

244

38

156

163

633

Mr. T. L. Coulson

49

195

63

297

34

122

146

614

Mr. O. K. Prescot

63

239

57

217

34

148

154

604

Miss Lowe and Mr. H. Walrond became Championess and Champion of the West.

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirty-first Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on August 5 and 6, 1874, on the College Cricket-ground, at Winchester.

Mrs. Pond won the silver bracer with 6 points. Mrs. P. F. Legh won the point for score at 50 yards; and Mrs. P. Pinckney and Mrs. Horniblow divided the point for hits at 50 yards.

Major C. H. Fisher became Champion, having secured all the points.

Eighty-two ladies and sixty-four gentlemen shot at this meeting.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Pond

87

431

45

213

132

644

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

77

369

46

272

123

641

Mrs. P. Pinckney

82

362

47

271

129

633

Mrs. Horniblow

76

352

47

269

123

621

Mrs. E. Lister

76

330

46

252

122

582

Miss Milne

76

384

46

196

122

580

Miss Betham

73

351

44

204

117

555

Miss E. Martin

73

333

42

208

115

541

Mrs. Mayhew

64

280

46

250

110

530

Mrs. Holland

68

308

46

220

114

528

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

71

289

75

331

47

253

193

873

Mr. C. H. Everett

63

225

58

254

43

233

164

712

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

55

213

65

291

41

205

161

709

Mr. Betham

60

234

62

248

41

221

163

703

Mr. H. Walrond

48

180

64

266

44

248

156

694

Mr. O. K. Prescot

58

224

63

271

37

153

158

648

Mr. B. P. Gregson

58

216

55

215

42

188

155

619

Mr. A. Henty

54

184

60

244

40

184

154

612

Mr. W. Rimington

57

179

61

241

41

191

159

611

In the handicap match on August 7, Mrs. E. Lister scored 356, Mrs. Piers F. Legh 333, and Mrs. Horniblow 319; Major C. H. Fisher 443, and Mr. Betham 418.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-first Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens, on June 23 and 24, 1875.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. W. Butt

86

422

43

235

129

657

Mrs. Pond

82

366

44

258

126

624

Miss M. A. Hollins

80

360

48

262

128

622

Miss H. Hutchinson

82

328

41

181

123

509

Mrs. Hornby

74

326

37

181

111

507

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. H. Rimington

74

280

73

339

44

238

191

857

Mr. C. H. Everett

82

310

71

265

45

215

198

790

Mr. H. H. Palairet

62

256

66

276

47

227

175

759

Mr. Betham

58

244

63

253

44

196

165

693

Mr. W. Porter

47

185

70

300

33

165

150

650

Mr. H. Elliott

55

213

60

238

40

166

155

617

Twenty-four ladies and forty gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Seventeenth Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 28 and 29, 1875.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

84

394

48

280

132

674

Mrs. Pond

82

374

46

250

128

624

Mrs. Kinahan

76

310

48

258

124

568

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

80

350

43

195

123

545

Miss Legh

75

313

40

184

115

497

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fiher

83

315

80

360

43

213

206

888

Mr. W. Rimington

59

199

80

310

44

258

183

767

Mr. Betham

61

211

68

278

43

233

172

722

Mr. Piers F. Legh

49

171

67

289

45

225

161

685

Mr. C. H. Everett

66

262

61

261

38

150

165

673

Mr. H. Walrond

62

218

47

209

45

231

154

658

Mr. H. H. Palairet

50

228

60

240

33

171

143

639

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

52

194

64

256

39

185

155

635

Mr. W. Ford

60

226

58

228

36

148

154

602

Forty ladies and fifty-seven gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirty-second Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on August 4 and 5, 1875, in the Deer-park at Richmond, Surrey.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss M. A. Hollins

88

430

45

263

133

693

Miss Horniblow

71

311

43

229

114

540

Mrs. P. Pinckney

69

307

44

228

113

535

Mrs. E. Lister

74

304

45

223

119

527

Mrs. Marshall

68

304

42

220

110

524

Mrs. Pond

61

287

42

210

103

497

Miss H. Hutchinson

70

302

43

185

113

487

Miss Milne

76

334

35

151

111

485

Mrs. C. E. Hornby

59

255

43

219

102

474

Miss Benwell

70

272

41

193

111

465

Miss Hollins won the silver bracer with 7-1/2 points, as she divided the point for hits at 50 yards with Mrs. Lister.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

77

279

75

361

46

236

198

876

Mr. W. Rimington

78

358

66

308

42

196

186

862

Major C. H. Fisher

69

275

71

341

45

233

185

849

Mr. B. P. Gregson

71

277

63

279

44

200

178

756

Mr. Betham

59

233

63

269

48

238

170

740

Mr. H. H. Palairet

55

217

72

326

36

190

163

733

Mr. Piers F. Legh

61

259

64

296

40

168

165

723

Mr. A. T. D. Berrington

52

232

59

259

39

181

150

672

Mr. C. H. Everett

63

237

60

272

34

144

157

653

Mr. H. Walrond

54

226

44

180

45

241

143

647

Mr. W. Butt

32

122

64

246

42

250

138

618

Mr. Fryer became Champion with 6 points. Mr. Rimington won the point for hits and score at 100 yards; Mr. Betham the point for hits at 60 yards; and Mr. Butt the point for score at 60 yards.

Eighty-four ladies and seventy-two gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirteenth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Bitton, near Teignmouth, on August 11 and 12, 1875, when forty-seven ladies and twenty-seven gentlemen shot.

——

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Hosken

69

313

39

193

108

506

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. W. Rimington

74

286

81

381

47

259

202

926

Major C. H. Fisher

77

289

77

341

40

206

194

836

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

72

290

63

297

38

190

173

777

Mr. H. Walrond

64

274

65

275

40

198

169

747

Mr. H. H. Palairet

60

236

68

316

34

150

162

702

Mr. H. Sagar

65

253

56

242

37

169

158

664

Mr. Grant Dalton

45

171

59

257

43

203

147

631

Mrs. Hosken and Mr. Walrond became Championess and Champion of the West.

Major Fisher scored 442, and Mr. Palairet 424, in the handicap match on the following day—August 13.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-second Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 21 and 22, 1876.

Twenty-nine ladies and thirty-four gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. W. Butt

91

463

47

267

138

730

Mrs. Horniblow

83

383

47

249

130

632

Mrs. Pond

79

373

42

218

121

591

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

73

321

47

269

120

590

Miss H. Hutchinson

75

379

39

199

112

578

Mrs. E. Lister

80

366

41

205

121

571

Miss M. A. Hollins

74

324

46

244

120

568

Mrs. Hornby

74

322

43

233

117

555

Mrs. Kinahan

77

355

39

191

116

546

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. H. Everett

94

364

70

348

39

185

203

897

Mr. G. L. Aston

65

243

66

288

45

209

176

740

Mr. W. Ford

66

230

71

313

41

185

178

728

Mr. W. Butt

42

174

64

276

46

240

152

690

Mr. W. Porter

52

204

51

191

44

208

147

603

Mr. C. H. Everett scored 451 on June 23 in the handicap match.

*      *      *      *      *

The Eighteenth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on June 28 and 29, 1876.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. W. Butt

89

447

44

248

133

695

Mrs. Kinahan

82

368

48

250

130

618

Mrs. Marshall

82

376

44

226

126

602

Mrs. Pond

74

338

45

233

119

571

Miss Berens

68

316

44

236

112

552

Miss Croker

70

302

45

231

115

533

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

70

298

44

224

114

522

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

81

319

43

199

124

518

Miss Follett

71

331

40

170

111

501

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. H. Everett

77

333

69

283

45

209

191

825

Major C. H. Fisher

65

291

66

294

40

176

171

761

Mr. J. Rogers

67

229

66

264

43

213

176

706

Mr. W. Rimington

69

259

72

274

34

140

175

673

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

46

178

56

240

41

207

153

625

Thirty-nine ladies and thirty-five gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirty-third Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on July 5 and 6, 1876, at Sandown Park, near Esher, Surrey.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. W. Butt

91

483

47

269

138

752

Mrs. Marshall

87

409

44

202

131

611

Mrs. Kinahan

69

325

44

246

113

571

Miss M. A. Hollins

75

303

44

246

119

549

Mrs. Kane

74

330

39

201

113

531

Miss Croker

75

331

35

195

110

526

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

67

307

43

207

110

514

Miss H. Hutchinson

70

304

44

202

114

506

Mrs. Horniblow

65

283

43

217

108

500

Mrs. Butt won the silver bracer with all the points.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

59

233

77

313

45

227

181

773

Major C. H. Fisher

78

358

60

208

42

204

180

770

Mr. C. H. Everett

70

248

56

232

39

203

165

683

Mr. Rogers

51

201

54

240

43

225

148

666

Mr. W. Rimington

61

235

59

231

39

163

159

629

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

53

195

63

225

38

184

154

604

Mr. H. H. Palairet became the Champion with 8 points after a very close contest during the shooting of the last 3 arrows at 60 yards with Major Fisher, who won the 2 points for hits and score at 100 yards.

In the handicap match on the next day Mrs. Horniblow made 340, and Mr. Everett 427.

Sixty-three ladies and fifty-three gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fourteenth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Salisbury on August 2 and 3, 1876, when fifty-three ladies and forty gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

86

368

46

266

132

634

Miss E. Pinckney

81

345

45

213

126

558

Mrs. Horniblow

78

316

45

223

123

539

Mrs. Kane

65

289

47

233

112

522

Mrs. E. Lister

63

271

40

216

103

487

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

64

234

64

302

45

229

173

765

Mr. C. H. Everett

69

271

59

229

44

204

172

704

Mr. H. Walrond

55

201

62

250

46

236

163

687

Mr. J. Penrose

56

210

63

259

44

198

163

667

Mr. H. B. Hare

44

160

65

285

36

172

145

617

Mr. P. F. Legh

49

169

57

231

39

193

145

593

Miss E. Pinckney and Mr. Palairet became Championess and Champion of the West.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-third Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 27 and 28, 1877. Forty ladies and twenty-seven gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. W. Butt

88

432

45

275

133

707

Miss M. A. Hollins

85

413

45

287

130

700

Mrs. Kinahan

87

383

46

248

133

631

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

86

370

46

260

132

630

Miss Legh

80

378

47

249

127

627

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

81

353

40

202

121

555

Mrs. Acklom

77

361

46

188

123

549

Mrs. E. Lister

73

313

38

214

111

527

Miss H. Hutchinson

75

327

42

196

117

523

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

66

262

77

363

41

213

184

838

Major C. H. Fisher

77

299

72

286

44

242

193

827

Mr. H. Elliott

58

220

59

247

37

185

154

652

Mrs. W. Butt scored 365 on June 29 in the handicap match.

*      *      *      *      *

The Nineteenth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 12 and 13, 1877. Forty-six ladies and forty gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. W. Butt

91

477

45

241

136

718

Mrs. Kinahan

87

439

45

221

132

660

Miss Legh

84

372

48

266

132

638

Mrs. Marshall

83

359

45

261

128

620

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

80

356

47

251

127

607

Mrs. P. Pinckney

77

317

44

266

121

583

Mrs. Kane

79

385

40

198

119

583

Mrs. Hulse

65

297

43

221

108

518

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

95

389

72

330

43

213

210

932

Mr. P. Pinckney

73

307

69

313

47

243

189

863

Mr. H. H. Palairet

67

269

75

341

43

213

185

823

Mr. W. Rimington

77

301

70

288

36

154

183

743

Mr. E. N. Snow

47

173

66

268

43

199

156

640

Mr. H. Sagar

64

242

59

205

37

189

150

636

Mr. H. Walrond

51

185

60

244

38

180

149

609

Mr. J. Rogers

62

198

60

246

36

164

158

608

Major Lewin, R. E.

46

204

58

218

42

186

146

608

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirty-fourth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held at Doncaster, on the Racecourse, on August 8 and 9, 1877.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. W. Butt

80

414

46

262

126

676

Miss M. A. Hollins

84

376

42

220

126

596

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

73

327

45

253

118

580

Mrs. Horniblow

72

316

46

244

118

560

Mrs. E. Lister

70

320

42

216

112

516

Mrs. Marshall

75

319

46

188

121

507

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

73

311

44

196

117

507

Mrs. Butt won the silver bracer with 5-1/2 points. Miss Hollins won the point for hits at 60 yards, and made an equal number of gross hits with Mrs. Butt; and Mrs. Horniblow made the same number of hits at 50 yards as Mrs. Butt.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. W. Rimington

55

227

70

290

38

186

163

703

Mr. H. H. Palairet

46

170

61

259

40

220

147

649

Mr. Betham

54

242

54

206

41

179

149

627

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

58

222

53

229

39

159

150

610

Mr. W. Rimington became Champion with 7 points. Mr. Betham won the 2 points for score at 100 yards and hits at 60 yards; Mr. Fryer the point for hits at 100 yards; and Mr. Palairet the point for score at 60 yards.

In the handicap match on the next day—August 10—Mrs. Butt scored 44 hits, 280 sc. and 24 hits, 154 sc. = 68 hits, 434 sc., and Miss Hollins 362. Mr. Palairet scored 400.

The weather on the two first days at this meeting was most unsuitable.

Forty-four ladies and fifty-four gentlemen attended this meeting.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fifteenth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Bitton, near Teignmouth, on August 29 and 30, 1877, when forty-nine ladies and thirty gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. C. E. Nesham

74

360

44

240

118

600

Miss E. Pinckney

75

327

46

240

121

567

Miss C. Radford

82

392

41

173

123

565

Mrs. V. Forbes

71

329

40

202

111

531

Mrs. Gataker

71

301

44

214

115

515

Miss Follett

68

302

41

201

109

503

Miss E. Matthews

64

294

40

206

104

500

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

91

357

66

292

41

201

198

850

Mr. P. Pinckney

73

251

67

307

42

228

182

786

Mr. H. H. Palairet

67

263

70

288

44

198

181

749

Mr. O. L. Clare

75

285

48

186

43

205

166

676

Mr. H. Walrond

57

219

65

255

43

195

165

669

Miss E. Pinckney and Mr. P. Pinckney—sister and brother—became Championess and Champion of the West.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-fourth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 26 and 27, 1878.

Thirty-one ladies and twenty-nine gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

89

399

46

260

135

659

Miss M. A. Hollins

80

412

44

206

124

618

Miss Legh

81

375

43

219

124

594

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

81

331

45

249

126

580

Mrs. W. Betham

71

311

41

213

112

524

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

83

359

73

307

41

183

197

849

Mr. C. H. Everett

82

298

68

310

44

202

194

810

Mr. Betham

70

278

61

277

29

161

160

716

Mr. G. L. Aston

55

199

65

231

44

214

164

644

Mr. W. Yates Foot

37

163

61

223

43

223

141

609

On June 28, in the handicap match, Miss Hollins scored 387, and Mr. C. H. Everett 460.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twentieth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 10 and 11, 1878.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Marshall

90

482

43

217

133

699

Mrs. Horniblow

86

418

47

241

133

659

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

84

370

43

241

127

611

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

78

354

46

244

124

598

Miss M. Protheroe

71

347

42

180

113

527

Miss Ellis

69

317

38

200

107

517

Mrs. Berens

71

321

40

188

111

509

Miss Benwell

68

298

46

204

114

502

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

75

299

76

382

47

247

198

928

Mr. W. Rimington

67

305

73

329

44

216

184

850

Major C. H. Fisher

78

308

56

218

46

244

180

770

Mr. Walrond

58

198

57

261

44

234

159

693

Mr. G. W. Chapman

46

176

67

305

39

203

152

684

Mr. Betham

57

219

65

251

36

210

158

680

Mr. O. K. Prescot

75

301

55

227

35

131

165

659

Mr. C. H. Everett

64

244

57

253

34

162

155

659

Thirty-seven ladies and thirty-four gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirty-fifth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on July 24 and 25, 1878, at Tunbridge Wells, on the Cricket-ground.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Marshall

87

425

45

267

132

692

Mrs. Horniblow

86

406

46

226

132

632

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

85

367

44

246

129

613

Miss Legh

79

369

42

186

121

555

Miss M. A. Hollins

78

344

42

190

120

534

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

79

319

42

196

121

515

Mrs. E. Lister

71

297

39

199

110

496

Mrs. Marshall won the silver bracer with 6 points; Mrs. Horniblow having won the point for hits at 50 yards, and tied with Mrs. Marshall for gross hits.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

83

335

72

360

47

237

202

932

Mr. O. Leigh Clare

74

286

77

371

39

183

190

840

Mr. W. Rimington

56

234

66

286

48

286

170

806

Mr. C. H. Everett

64

246

60

282

38

194

162

722

Major C. H. Fisher

63

259

53

247

40

208

156

714

Mr. Betham

62

270

56

240

41

167

159

677

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

58

268

59

217

42

170

159

655

Mr. Walrond

55

191

56

248

40

196

151

635

Mr. A. Henty

54

194

58

226

42

192

154

612

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer

54

208

55

235

36

162

145

605

Mr. G. W. Chapman

44

150

58

262

39

191

141

603

Mr. Palairet became Champion, having won 7 points. Mr. Clare won the point for hits at 80 yards, and Mr. Rimington won the points for hits and score at 60 yards.

In the handicap match on the next day—July 26—Mrs. Piers F. Legh scored 360, and Mr. Rimington 401.

Sixty-two ladies and fifty-six gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*      *      *      *      *

The Sixteenth Grand Western Archery Society's Meeting was held at Weymouth, on August 7 and 8, 1878, on the ground of the Weymouth Archery Society.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

74

348

44

244

118

592

Mrs. C. E. Nesham

68

336

41

215

109

551

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

79

315

43

227

122

542

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Walrond

56

228

73

327

46

260

175

815

Mr. H. H. Palairet

70

278

76

328

42

180

188

786

Mr. A. Meyrick

45

165

63

261

44

216

152

642

Mr. Piers F. Legh

55

219

58

242

39

175

152

636

Mr. E. N. Snow

54

200

57

223

38

210

149

633

Mr. C. H. Everett

68

254

53

193

39

175

160

622

On August 9, in the handicap match, Mrs. Piers F. Legh made 315 and Mrs. Horniblow 314.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-fifth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 25 and 26, 1879.

Thirty ladies and twenty-five gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

89

455

48

288

137

743

Miss M. A. Hollins

84

408

43

207

127

615

Mrs. E. Lister

74

356

44

208

118

564

Mrs. Hulse

77

327

40

208

117

535

Miss E. D. Pryce

60

282

42

222

102

504

Mrs. Butt 12

45

245

23

119

68

364

12 Mrs. Butt shot only on the first day of the meeting one-half the National Round.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. E. Nesham

68

268

63

269

34

156

165

693

Mr. Piers F. Legh

66

258

62

240

42

190

170

688

Mr. H. Sagar

61

251

55

241

36

152

152

644

Mr. E. N. Snow

56

218

53

207

42

206

151

631

Mr. Betham

60

210

48

222

39

197

147

629

Miss Hollins, on June 27, in the handicap match, scored 353.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-first Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 10 and 11, 1879.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Marshall

86

428

46

248

132

676

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

89

397

45

269

134

666

Mrs. C. H. Everett

84

382

42

258

126

640

Mrs. Butt

81

411

44

218

125

629

Miss H. Hutchinson

76

328

47

241

123

569

Mrs. C. E. Nesham

78

352

41

183

119

535

Mrs. Hulse

75

325

42

194

117

519

Miss E. D. Pryce

69

337

38

176

107

513

Miss C. Radford

75

291

40

220

115

511

Miss F. Shuter

74

356

37

145

111

501

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. W. Rimington

83

327

85

379

46

260

214

966

Mr. C. E. Nesham

66

214

66

308

45

267

177

789

Mr. E. N. Snow

65

261

70

314

42

186

177

761

Mr. H. Sagar

60

268

61

249

42

208

163

725

Mr. Walrond

54

190

68

326

43

207

165

723

Mr. A. T. D. Berrington

59

227

64

248

43

185

166

660

Mr. C. H. Everett

58

250

56

232

36

166

150

648

Mr. H. Elliott

57

229

53

217

40

184

150

630

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

49

199

56

246

34

156

139

601

Forty-eight ladies and thirty gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirty-sixth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on August 6 and 7, 1879, at Cheltenham, on the College Cricket-ground.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Marshall

84

462

46

246

130

708

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

86

424

46

264

132

688

Mrs. Butt

89

437

47

235

136

672

Mrs. E. Lister

67

379

48

268

115

647

Miss M. A. Hollins

72

304

43

241

115

545

Mrs. Hulse

66

314

44

224

110

538

Mrs. C. E. Nesham

77

331

43

197

120

528

Mrs. Hornby

71

303

41

223

112

526

Miss E. Matthews

74

344

33

181

107

525

Miss I. Carter

67

337

38

182

105

519

Miss H. Hutchinson

68

318

44

196

112

514

Lady Harberton

77

341

33

159

110

500

On this occasion Mrs. Marshall won the silver bracer with the highest score, as she and Mrs. Butt each had 3 points—the former for gross score and for score at 60 yards, and the latter for gross hits and for hits at 60 yards. Mrs. Legh won the points for hits and score at 50 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. W. Rimington

58

244

64

304

43

251

165

799

Mr. E. Walters

70

256

70

254

47

219

187

729

Mr. P. S. Nevile

65

249

61

261

43

183

169

693

Mr. Walrond

53

201

73

265

44

212

170

678

Mr. A. T. D. Berrington

59

223

56

236

43

203

158

662

Mr. Betham

66

256

47

187

41

201

154

644

Mr. C. H. Everett

54

230

58

212

35

159

147

601

Mr. Walters became Champion with 4-1/2 points—gross hits, hits at 100 yards and at 60 yards, and a tie with Mr. Betham for score at 100 yards. Mr. Rimington won 3 points, for gross score and for score at 80 yards; and Mr. Walrond won the point for hits at 80 yards.

Eighty-three ladies and sixty-one gentlemen shot.

Mrs. Butt scored 381, and Mrs. Piers F. Legh 370; Mr. Walters 458, Mr. Berrington 430, and Mr. Rimington 414, in the handicap match on August 8.

*      *      *      *      *

The Sixteenth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Teignmouth, in Mr. Parson's grounds, on August 13 and 14, 1879.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Butt

89

445

47

299

136

744

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

89

469

45

231

134

700

Miss Isabel Carter

84

402

44

234

128

636

Miss K. Lowe

77

343

42

220

119

563

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. W. Rimington

79

327

76

372

45

221

200

920

Mr. Walrond

48

166

72

308

45

235

165

709

Mr. Piers F. Legh

53

225

59

251

39

207

151

683

Mr. C. H. Everett

71

273

63

249

36

152

170

674

Mr. E. N. Snow

52

202

59

221

40

210

151

633

Mr. W. Yates Foot

57

205

61

275

33

151

151

631

Mr. H. Kendall

58

216

59

247

40

166

157

629

Forty-six ladies and twenty-seven gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-sixth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 23 and 24, 1880.

Thirty-seven ladies and thirty-three gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Butt

80

378

46

282

126

660

Mrs. E. Lister

84

404

45

249

129

653

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

86

388

47

243

133

631

Miss Legh

78

360

42

246

130

606

Miss M. A. Hollins

73

355

39

175

112

530

Miss M. Allen

72

338

40

174

112

512

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. W. Rimington

79

325

70

314

47

249

196

888

Mr. R. Walters

71

251

64

318

39

177

174

746

Mr. J. H. Bridges

64

228

66

298

41

213

171

739

Mr. Piers F. Legh

64

256

57

223

39

187

160

666

Mr. G. L. Aston

51

195

64

298

31

143

146

636

Mr. C. E. Nesham

74

296

50

190

35

149

159

635

Mr. G. O. Pardoe

46

184

64

276

37

169

147

629

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

62

232

54

212

39

163

155

607

In the handicap match on June 25 Mrs. Piers F. Legh, Mrs. E. Lister, and Mrs. Butt scored 367, 364, and 337 respectively, and Mr. C. E. Nesham and Mr. J. H. Bridges 421 and 409.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-second Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 1 and 2, 1880.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. W. Rimington

88

350

71

319

40

194

199

863

Mr. C. E. Nesham

68

262

64

272

37

169

169

703

Mr. C. H. Everett

75

281

54

236

40

174

169

691

Mr. R. Walters

70

248

63

243

38

196

171

687

Mr. H. Kendall

41

149

67

325

42

200

150

674

Mr. G. O. Pardoe

54

200

58

266

38

182

150

648

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

53

197

57

249

40

188

150

634

Mr. G. G. Phillips

60

218

57

271

33

141

150

630

Mr. P. S. Nevile

37

141

67

273

42

204

146

618

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

82

408

45

235

127

643

Mrs. Marshall

85

393

44

246

129

639

Mrs. Horniblow

81

393

42

246

123

639

Mrs. Butt

77

367

45

255

122

622

Mrs. Kinahan

85

415

41

191

126

606

Miss F. Shuter

83

399

40

198

123

597

Miss M. Norton

84

390

38

184

122

574

Miss Ellis

76

356

41

211

117

567

Miss C. Radford

69

281

44

238

113

519

Miss I. Carter

65

275

46

244

111

519

Mrs. C. E. Nesham

71

305

41

197

112

502

Fifty-four ladies and twenty-six gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirty-seventh Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on July 28 and 29, 1880, at Shrewsbury.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

78

346

46

254

124

600

Mrs. Horniblow

86

372

47

221

133

593

Mrs. Butt

77

351

48

238

125

589

Mrs. Marshall

75

343

44

226

119

569

Mrs. C. H. Everett

76

352

41

187

117

539

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

69

311

41

185

110

496

Miss Legh

72

308

43

181

115

489

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

66

302

38

180

104

382

Mrs. Horniblow, with the second score, won the silver bracer with 4 points—namely, 2 for most hits and 2 for score and hits at 60 yards. Mrs. Legh had 3 points, 2 for highest gross score and 1 for score at 60 yards. Mrs. Butt had 1 point for hits at 50 yards. A very close contest between the three first ladies.

Mr. Palairet became Champion with 9 points.

Mr. Rimington won the point for score at 60 yards.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

68

272

81

401

46

224

195

897

Mr. C. H. Everett

62

248

71

287

43

227

176

762

Mr. W. Rimington

57

201

54

192

43

239

154

632

Captain M. Allen

43

179

58

226

45

227

146

632

Mr. C. E. Nesham

48

164

50

204

40

208

138

576

Mr. G. G. Phillips

54

194

52

204

41

177

147

575

Sixty-nine ladies and fifty-seven gentlemen shot at this meeting. The weather and the ground were anything but good.

In the handicap match on the next day—July 30—Mrs. Butt's score was—

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

47

289

24

132

=

71

421

Mr. Everett's score was 471.

This meeting was made memorable by the retirement of the Rev. O. Luard from the office of Hon. Secretary of the Grand National Archery Society, after having acted as Secretary at thirty-six meetings—in fact, at every meeting hitherto, except the first in 1844. He was presented with a complimentary scroll, setting out the universal appreciation of his services, and with a purse containing 200 guineas. Mr. Palairet was elected to succeed Mr. Luard as Hon. Secretary.

*      *      *      *      *

The Seventeenth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Sherborne on August 11 and 12, 1880.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Ripley

79

389

43

245

122

634

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

77

337

43

223

120

560

Miss I. Carter

75

325

42

232

117

557

Miss E. M. Farrington

80

362

35

179

115

541

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

77

319

79

403

47

221

203

943

Mr. Walrond

69

307

61

265

42

196

172

768

Mr. C. H. Everett

82

322

60

240

41

199

183

761

Mr. O. K. Prescot

61

243

63

249

34

152

158

644

Mr. H. P. Okeden

41

185

56

242

39

191

136

618

Miss I. Carter and Mr. Palairet became Championess and Champion of the West.

Fifty-four ladies and thirty-two gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The First Grand Northern Archery Meeting was held at York on September 1 and 2, 1880.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

82

402

45

239

127

641

Mrs. C. E. Nesham

76

360

44

216

120

576

Mrs. H. Clarke

75

321

48

254

123

575

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

81

349

44

202

125

551

Mrs. W. Yates Foot

81

367

41

183

122

550

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

70

284

48

266

118

550

Mrs. W. C. Booth

72

256

40

188

112

544

Mrs. Kinahan

82

374

35

169

117

543

Miss M. A. Hollins

85

363

39

147

124

510

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. W. Rimington

65

243

79

361

45

231

189

835

Mr. C. E. Nesham

66

250

70

300

41

209

177

759

Mr. J. H. Bridges

60

220

68

282

47

221

175

723

Mr. P. S. Nevile

61

257

63

263

43

201

167

721

Mr. G. L. Aston

57

211

61

277

41

223

159

711

Mr. G. G. Hulme

44

186

62

248

45

231

151

665

Mr. G. G. Phillips

65

279

51

183

44

188

160

650

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

54

220

64

266

33

157

151

643

Mr. G. O. Pardoe

63

239

57

231

32

140

152

610

Mrs. H. Clarke and Mr. P. S. Nevile became Championess and Champion of the North.

Fifty-seven ladies and thirty-seven gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-seventh Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 22 and 23, 1881.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

87

471

48

252

135

723

Miss Legh

90

436

46

260

136

696

Mrs. Butt

87

441

45

225

132

666

Miss M. A. Hollins

81

367

46

240

127

607

Mrs. Hulse

71

313

40

216

111

529

Mrs. W. Yates Foot

68

324

36

184

104

508

Miss H. Hutchinson

57

297

38

206

95

503

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. H. Everett

79

327

55

235

43

207

177

769

Mr. P. F. Legh

70

292

70

302

36

164

176

758

Mr. C. E. Nesham

74

268

71

309

41

171

186

748

Mr. E. N. Snow

50

190

64

252

39

221

153

663

Mr. G. O. Pardoe

49

207

61

225

44

216

154

648

Mr. O. K. Prescot

55

197

61

265

40

156

156

618

Mr. H. Sagar

63

249

49

195

34

160

146

604

Mr. W. Ford

53

199

58

128

39

175

150

602

Thirty-four ladies and thirty-four gentlemen shot.

Mr. Everett scored 444 in the handicap match on the next day.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-third Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 7 and 8, 1881.

Thirty-nine ladies and twenty-four gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Legh

81

385

48

280

129

665

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

80

402

46

236

126

638

Mrs. Butt

86

392

46

244

132

636

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

79

409

42

200

121

609

Mrs. Marshall

81

399

39

207

120

606

Miss F. Shuter

81

391

44

204

125

595

Miss H. Hutchinson

75

337

43

221

118

558

Mrs. Horniblow

77

351

44

202

121

553

Mrs. Kane

73

325

43

225

116

550

Mrs. P. Pinckney

70

318

44

222

114

540

Mrs. Hulse

75

319

41

211

116

530

Miss Friend

72

310

42

220

114

530

Mrs. W. Yates Foot

75

351

43

167

118

518

Miss E. O. Parr

70

314

46

198

116

512

Mrs. C. E. Nesham

80

320

40

186

120

506

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. E. Nesham

86

346

54

232

37

183

177

761

Mr. J. H. Bridges

68

264

70

276

44

216

182

756

Mr. W. Rimington

76

276

68

282

44

196

188

754

Mr. P. F. Legh

62

262

56

248

46

224

164

734

Mr. E. N. Snow

69

251

64

266

43

199

176

716

Mr. C. H. Everett

48

212

68

294

40

188

156

694

Mr. G. O. Pardoe

53

193

69

287

37

159

159

639

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

52

208

52

224

39

201

143

633

Mr. O. K. Prescot

58

216

53

217

38

184

149

617

*      *      *      *      *

The Nineteenth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Bath on August 3 and 4, 1881, when seventy-four ladies and forty-five gentlemen shot.

Miss Legh's score of 840 is an achievement never yet approached at a public meeting of two days' duration, and every one of her 144 arrows were in the target. Her scores were—

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

48

252

24

156

=

72

408

the first day,

48

282

24

150

=

72

432

the second day.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Legh

96

534

48

306

144

840

Miss I. Carter

84

444

45

245

129

689

Mrs. Butt

84

402

48

264

132

666

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

76

356

46

256

122

612

Mrs. E. Lister

75

351

47

257

122

608

Mrs. Kane

73

329

43

233

116

562

Miss H. Hutchinson

72

314

42

204

114

518

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

76

352

81

375

45

255

202

982

Mr. C. H. Everett

100

394

74

330

41

183

215

907

Major C. H. Fisher

74

322

75

387

42

188

191

897

Mr. W. Rimington

62

256

70

286

45

239

177

781

Captain M. Allen

57

225

66

294

43

203

166

722

Mr. E. N. Snow

59

217

59

255

42

214

160

686

Mr. H. Kendall

52

236

58

234

40

186

150

656

Mr. C. E. Nesham

67

273

58

226

33

141

158

640

Mr. G. O. Pardoe

43

159

67

287

42

186

152

632

Mr. Perry-Keene

62

242

54

194

33

185

149

621

Mr. A. Meyrick

52

220

54

218

40

166

146

604

Miss I. Carter and Mr. Palairet became Championess and Champion of the West.

Mr. C. H. Everett scored 477 in the handicap match on the next day, August 5.

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirty-eighth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on July 20 and 21, 1881, at Four Oaks Park, Sutton Coldfield, near Birmingham.

Miss Legh won the silver bracer with all the points; and her score of 763 has only once been beaten by Mrs. Horniblow, in 1873, who made 764, only 1 more.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Legh

92

482

47

281

139

763

Mrs. Marshall

75

399

46

246

121

645

Mrs. Butt

85

399

43

225

128

624

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

79

359

46

246

125

605

Mrs. Horniblow

68

340

44

226

112

566

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

70

320

46

230

116

550

Mrs. E. Lister

74

324

42

224

116

548

Mrs. W. Y. Foot

65

303

42

232

107

535

Miss M. A. Hollins

72

320

44

212

116

532

Miss Steel

66

272

46

250

112

522

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

66

260

78

352

47

237

191

849

Mr. J. H. Bridges

65

243

67

307

42

204

174

754

Mr. C. H. Everett

62

248

69

285

41

209

172

742

Mr. C. E. Nesham

68

302

54

238

39

175

161

715

Mr. Piers F. Legh

65

231

65

273

38

196

168

700

Mr. W. Rimington

65

243

53

239

41

197

159

679

Captain M. Allen

44

146

66

278

48

246

158

670

Mr. G. L. Aston

60

236

60

238

42

192

162

666

Mr. E. N. Snow

51

187

65

293

39

183

155

663

Mr. C. F. Garratt

55

195

57

231

40

190

152

616

Mr. Palairet won the Championship with 6 points. Mr. Nesham won the points for hits and score at 100 yards; and Captain Allen the points for hits and score at 60 yards.

Fifty-seven ladies and fifty-six gentlemen shot at this meeting.

In the handicap match on July 22 Mr. Palairet scored 434.

*      *      *      *      *

The Second Grand Northern Archery Meeting was held in Croxteth Park, near Liverpool, on August 24, 25, and 26, 1881.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

81

419

42

230

123

649

Mrs. Butt

79

351

43

209

122

560

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

68

316

42

204

110

520

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

71

325

37

183

108

508

Miss Steel

65

303

39

201

104

504

——

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

59

221

71

329

43

211

173

761

Mrs. D. Ainsworth and Mr. G. Greenwell became Championess and Champion of the North.

The next score was Mr. G. O. Pardoe's of 536. The weather at this meeting was most unfavourable, with storms of wind and almost constant rain.

*      *      *      *      *

In 1882 there was no Leamington Archery Meeting, as the Grand National Archery Meeting was held there.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-fourth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on June 29 and 30, 1882.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

99

437

80

346

42

242

221

1025

Mr. W. Rimington

69

283

64

294

45

219

178

796

Mr. C. E. Nesham

84

354

61

303

28

130

173

787

Mr. E. Walters

59

253

61

267

39

211

159

731

Mr. G. O. Pardoe

57

245

70

298

39

187

166

730

Mr. C. H. Everett

54

206

62

290

39

211

155

707

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

57

213

61

245

39

177

157

635

Mr. H. Kendall

53

191

68

296

37

139

158

626

Major C. H. Fisher

61

225

53

215

36

164

150

604

Mr. J. Hayllar

63

251

57

233

30

118

150

602

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Legh

88

514

46

278

134

792

Miss I. Carter

87

459

47

255

134

714

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

91

455

46

226

137

681

Miss F. Shuter

87

425

45

211

132

636

Mrs. Butt

84

398

45

227

129

625

Mrs. Kinahan

80

400

42

214

122

614

Mrs. Marshall

85

413

38

184

123

597

Mrs. Graily Hewitt

82

396

43

199

125

595

Mrs. C. E. Nesham

78

352

41

227

119

579

Miss H. Hutchinson

77

373

38

192

115

565

Miss F. Bardswell

80

382

40

182

120

564

Mrs. C. H. Everett

84

370

41

191

125

561

Mrs. A. Waithman

75

349

44

204

119

553

Mrs. W. Y. Foot

72

320

43

213

115

533

Miss C. Radford

70

324

37

205

107

529

Miss Croker

70

342

38

176

108

518

Mrs. Alex. Smith

67

311

39

199

106

510

Miss E. O. Parr

67

273

44

236

111

509

Mrs. Keyworth

71

267

43

239

114

506

Colonel Lewin acted as Hon. Secretary.

Forty-three ladies and twenty-seven gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

A Public Archery Meeting was held on the Cricket-ground of the Alexandra Park Company on July 6 and 7, 1882.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Butt

80

378

47

265

127

643

Miss Legh

69

329

45

273

114

602

Miss Steel

60

288

44

238

104

526

Nothing could well be worse than the weather during this meeting. The highest gentlemen's scores were Mr. H. Kendall, 151 hits, 625 score, and Mr. C. E. Nesham, 153 hits, 623 score.

Twenty-nine ladies and twenty gentlemen shot.

Better scores were made on the next day in the handicap match—Miss Legh, 357; Mrs. Butt, 350; Mrs. P. F. Legh, 315; and Mrs. Keyworth, 303.

Mr. T. Aldred had the management of this meeting.

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirty-ninth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on July 26 and 27, 1882, in the Shrubland Hall Grounds (Mrs. Wise's), near Leamington.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

86

460

48

290

134

750

Mrs. Marshall

81

409

48

276

129

685

Mrs. Horniblow

81

395

45

229

126

624

Mrs. Butt

80

396

46

224

126

620

Miss F. Bardswell

76

364

46

248

122

612

Mrs. W. Y. Foot

81

397

42

214

123

611

Miss Legh

76

352

44

258

120

610

Miss F. Shuter

79

387

45

215

124

602

Miss Steel

80

368

46

230

126

598

Miss I. Carter

73

321

45

249

118

570

Miss M. A. Hollins

71

311

45

231

116

542

Mrs. Kinahan

76

338

40

200

116

538

Miss Clayton

68

308

45

213

113

521

Mrs. E. Lister

64

304

42

216

106

520

Mrs. Hulse

73

329

42

188

115

517

Mrs. G. Hewitt

67

321

41

187

108

508

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

78

340

75

349

42

196

195

885

Mr. R. Walters

60

260

72

388

44

236

176

884

Mr. W. Rimington

75

311

67

285

42

198

184

794

Mr. W. Ford

57

221

71

319

44

230

172

770

Mr. O. K. Prescot

67

243

63

297

46

224

176

764

Mr. C. E. Nesham

81

319

58

234

34

172

173

725

Mr. C. H. Everett

55

227

65

295

41

195

161

717

Mr. C. J. Longman

74

266

69

253

41

197

184

716

Mr. J. H. Bridges

54

212

73

315

36

178

163

705

Mr. G. O. Pardoe

51

161

72

332

40

204

163

697

Mr. H. Sagar

46

230

48

222

37

177

131

629

Captain M. Allen

43

189

64

238

41

197

148

624

Mr. Piers F. Legh

48

178

60

228

42

214

150

620

Mr. H. Kendall

63

257

52

208

34

146

149

611

Mrs. Piers F. Legh won the silver bracer with all the points, except that Mrs. Marshall also made all the hits at 50 yards.

Mr. Palairet won the Championship with 6 points, after a very close contest with Mr. Walters, who won 2 points for score at 80 and at 60 yards, and was only 1 behind in gross score. Mr. Nesham won the point for hits at 100 yards, and Mr. Prescot that for hits at 60 yards.

Sixty-three ladies and fifty-five gentlemen shot at this meeting.

On July 28, in the handicap match, Mr. Pardoe scored 411 and Mr. Walters 410.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twentieth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Exeter, on the Grammar School Cricket-ground, on August 2 and 3, 1882, when sixty-four ladies and thirty-nine gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss I. Carter

74

332

42

226

116

558

Mrs. Butt

67

275

46

260

113

535

Mrs. Kinahan

77

353

38

166

115

519

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

77

343

31

161

108

504

Miss F. Bardswell

65

305

41

187

106

492

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

70

272

73

367

42

184

185

823

Mr. W. Rimington

75

291

65

283

41

237

181

811

Mr. O. K. Prescot

58

216

64

278

44

208

166

702

Mr. R. Walters

60

198

69

301

37

189

166

688

Mr. Perry-Keene

63

233

66

300

35

137

164

670

Mr. A. Meyrick

59

191

61

239

38

186

158

616

Mr. E. W. Hussey

51

179

58

232

43

201

152

612

In the handicap match on the next day Mr. O. K. Prescot scored 480, and Mr. R. Walters 431.

*      *      *      *      *

The Third Grand Northern Archery Meeting was held at Harrogate, on the Cricket-ground, on August 23 and 24, 1882.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

81

365

46

286

127

651

Miss Legh

79

349

41

201

120

550

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

73

313

44

228

117

541

Mrs. Kinahan

65

303

40

208

105

511

Mrs. Swire

66

322

37

187

103

509

Mrs. Butt

65

257

46

234

111

491

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. Perry-Keene

49

211

57

273

37

183

143

667

Mr. C. H. Everett

49

189

62

278

39

165

150

632

Mr. C. E. Nesham

44

178

60

278

37

167

141

623

Mr. G. O. Pardoe

54

212

59

225

38

158

151

595

Mrs. D. Ainsworth and Mr. Houghton became Championess and Champion of the North.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-eighth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 27 and 28, 1883.

Twenty-nine ladies and twenty-two gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

90

406

47

277

137

683

Miss Steel

84

384

47

277

131

661

Miss F. Bardswell

81

389

45

237

126

626

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

76

372

45

239

121

611

Mrs. E. Lister

81

389

46

218

127

607

Miss I. Carter

86

400

41

203

127

603

Miss M. A. Hollins

75

365

40

206

115

571

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

75

349

43

209

118

558

Mrs. C. E. Nesham

66

308

42

230

108

538

Mrs. W. Yates Foot

74

342

44

180

118

522

Miss Legh

74

342

37

171

111

513

Mrs. Keyworth

68

338

41

163

109

501

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

75

305

77

347

45

223

197

875

Mr. C. E. Nesham

87

341

74

314

38

148

199

803

Mr. H. Kendall

64

248

71

333

39

203

174

784

Mr. T. R. Dunne

59

193

69

279

41

221

169

693

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe

53

189

58

208

46

260

157

657

Mr. G. L. Aston

57

223

57

253

38

172

152

648

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

51

191

54

234

41

191

146

616

Mr. W. Ford

60

212

58

226

37

175

155

613

Hon. A. Hanbury

54

190

60

230

40

186

154

606

In the handicap match on June 29 Mrs. Piers F. Legh and Miss Legh scored 374 and 363 respectively, and Mr. C. E. Nesham 398.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-fifth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 12 and 13, 1883.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Marshall

85

357

45

265

130

622

Miss F. Bardswell

83

403

41

199

124

602

Miss Pears

79

373

45

201

124

574

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

75

357

43

215

118

572

Miss I. Carter

77

349

45

219

122

568

Miss Steel

71

325

45

243

116

568

Miss H. Hutchinson

75

341

43

197

118

538

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

73

349

37

177

110

526

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

72

234

81

359

45

235

198

828

Mr. C. E. Nesham

64

256

52

232

37

185

153

673

Mr. C. H. Everett

54

226

59

257

37

187

150

670

Mr. A. Meyrick

45

195

63

297

36

170

144

662

Mr. T. R. Dunne

57

225

63

275

38

136

158

636

Mr. W. Rimington

42

180

57

243

43

195

142

618

Forty-seven ladies and twenty-nine gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-first Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Salisbury on July 25 and 26, 1883, when fifty-five ladies and forty-one gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Legh

85

433

47

249

132

682

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

84

376

47

271

131

647

Miss I. Carter

86

392

44

236

130

628

Miss F. Bardswell

79

377

43

235

122

612

Mrs. P. Pinckney

78

374

42

238

120

612

Miss H. Hutchinson

80

346

45

245

125

591

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

83

383

38

196

121

579

Miss C. Radford

79

349

43

197

122

546

Mrs. W. Yates Foot

73

297

39

207

112

504

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

102

406

73

327

43

229

218

962

Mr. H. Kendall

76

324

73

309

46

242

195

875

Mr. H. H. Palairet

66

262

76

322

44

212

186

796

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

72

288

69

297

38

192

179

777

Mr. Piers F. Legh

66

242

59

235

37

199

162

676

Mr. N. Rattray

60

218

54

242

39

205

153

665

Mr. Perry Keene

62

226

59

211

44

212

165

649

Miss I. Carter and Mr. H. H. Palairet became Championess and Champion of the West.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fortieth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on August 1 and 2, 1883, at Cheltenham, on the College Cricket-ground.

Sixty-seven ladies and sixty-four gentlemen shot at this meeting.

Mrs. Legh won the silver bracer with 6 points. Miss I. Carter won the point for hits at 50 yards, and Mrs. Ainsworth the point for score at the same distance.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

92

434

46

278

138

712

Miss I. Carter

90

408

47

271

137

679

Miss Steel

81

411

46

264

127

675

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

83

375

45

289

128

664

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

80

400

47

243

127

643

Miss M. A. Hollins

78

396

44

228

122

624

Miss F. Bardswell

84

366

46

256

130

622

Miss C. Radford

75

367

45

241

120

608

Mrs. Horniblow

80

364

45

239

125

603

Miss Legh

72

344

46

252

118

596

Miss Pardoe

79

391

44

200

123

591

Miss H. Hutchinson

81

347

46

232

127

579

Mrs. E. Lister

84

342

44

210

128

552

Mrs. Marshall

74

328

43

219

117

547

Mrs. C. H. Everett

73

315

42

224

115

539

Mrs. C. E. Nesham

76

310

43

223

119

533

Mrs. W. Y. Foot

68

290

44

242

112

532

Miss Hayllar

87

365

42

166

129

531

Miss Panter

63

283

46

230

109

513

Miss Oakley

71

299

41

213

111

512

Miss B. Oakley

75

315

38

188

113

503

Mrs. Edgar

63

303

38

198

101

501

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. J. Longman

69

285

77

343

47

241

193

869

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

73

267

71

335

44

212

188

814

Major C. H. Fisher

72

296

63

307

45

203

180

806

Mr. H. H. Palairet

68

238

71

353

42

200

181

791

Captain M. Allen

68

244

65

279

45

225

178

748

Mr. Piers F. Legh

65

263

60

282

38

188

163

733

Mr. C. E. Nesham

66

256

67

301

42

172

175

729

Mr. W. Rimington

58

212

60

290

43

225

161

727

Mr. R. Walters

69

253

75

309

37

163

181

725

Mr. H. Kendall

63

243

67

275

42

198

172

716

Mr. Perry-Keene

62

234

68

288

39

173

169

695

Mr. T. R. Dunne

67

223

72

294

37

173

176

690

Mr. O. K. Prescot

59

217

72

278

39

181

170

676

Mr. G. L. Aston

51

203

66

280

38

180

155

663

Mr. Gregson

63

205

63

277

43

177

169

659

Mr. Walrond

55

207

61

237

41

209

157

653

Mr. C. H. Everett

60

216

59

209

41

195

160

620

Mr. A. Meyrick

43

147

57

291

39

181

139

619

Captain C. H. Garnett

50

188

60

250

39

179

149

617

Mr. Longman became Champion with 7 points. Mr. Hussey won the point for hits at 100 yards, Major Fisher the point for score at 100 yards, and Mr. Palairet the point for score at 80 yards. Mr. Longman also won the Spedding Memorial Challenge Cup, now first presented by the Royal Toxophilite Society, to be held by the maker of the highest gross score.

In the handicap match on August 3, Miss Legh scored 416, Major Fisher 508, Mr. Nesham 442, and Mr. Dunne 417.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fourth Grand Northern Archery Meeting was held at Derby on August 8, 9, and 10, 1883, when the weather was so unfavourable that the highest lady's score was that of Mrs. Piers F. Legh—490, with 108 hits.

The only notable scores made by gentlemen were—

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. F. A. Govett

54

220

49

211

39

191

142

622

Captain M. Allen

58

238

47

189

41

189

146

616

Mrs. T. Hibbert and Mr. Gregson became Championess and Champion of the North.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-ninth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 12 and 13, 1884.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Marshall

87

419

48

270

135

689

Miss M. A. Hollins

83

413

43

191

126

604

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

85

385

44

208

129

593

Miss F. Bardswell

72

340

44

240

116

580

Mrs. Horniblow

75

323

44

214

119

537

Mrs. Kinahan

69

279

44

248

113

527

Mrs. W. Yates Foot

68

292

45

235

113

527

Miss Steel

72

320

44

206

116

526

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. E. Nesham

81

325

56

258

43

215

180

798

Mr. C. H. Everett

73

287

64

294

33

153

170

734

Mr. J. H. Bridges

58

244

57

225

46

262

161

731

Mr. H. J. B. Kendall

66

252

68

284

42

192

176

728

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

58

212

60

244

47

251

165

707

Mr. Gregson

64

262

61

235

40

204

165

701

Mr. C. J. Longman

80

260

64

252

42

188

186

700

Mr. T. R. Dunne

56

218

66

280

38

178

160

676

Mr. G. L. Aston

63

289

52

198

39

179

154

666

Mr. F. A. Govett

54

198

54

210

40

188

148

596

In the handicap match on June 14 Mr. C. J. Longman scored 401.

Twenty-nine ladies and twenty-seven gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-sixth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 12 and 13, 1884.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Marshall

83

475

47

269

130

744

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

79

361

45

259

124

620

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

77

329

41

215

118

544

Miss H. Hutchinson

71

329

42

194

113

523

Miss Ellis

66

298

44

212

110

510

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

90

348

74

340

46

224

210

912

Mr. C. E. Nesham

92

344

64

262

43

249

199

855

Mr. C. J. Longman

69

225

76

374

44

244

189

843

Mr. H. Kendall

65

241

65

295

43

223

173

759

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

66

244

70

310

42

178

178

732

Mr. C. H. Everett

54

208

59

263

39

199

152

670

Mr. J. H. Bridges

61

211

60

244

43

213

164

668

Mr. Gregson

78

320

47

207

27

105

152

632

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe

54

178

58

230

41

197

153

605

Thirty-eight ladies and twenty-two gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-second Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Taunton on July 23 and 24, 1884.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

72

374

44

246

116

620

Miss I. Carter

67

279

37

197

104

476

Miss F. Bardswell

72

282

38

182

110

464

Miss M. Winwood

70

298

37

159

107

457

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

79

353

69

303

44

258

192

914

Mr. C. E. Nesham

82

314

69

303

47

241

198

868

Mr. C. J. Longman

57

209

67

269

44

222

168

700

Mr. F. A. Govett

66

260

55

233

35

179

156

672

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

48

178

64

262

44

192

156

632

Mr. H. Kendall

53

195

66

244

40

168

159

607

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe

46

190

58

226

42

190

146

606

Mr. Gregson

57

203

68

216

40

174

165

593

Mr. and Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey became Champion and Championess of the West.

Fifty ladies and thirty-eight gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*      *      *      *      *

In the handicap match on July 25, the only good score was made by Mr. C. E. Nesham, 362.

*      *      *      *      *

The Forty-first Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on August 6 and 7, 1884, on the Cricket-ground of St. Mark's School (Rev. Stephen Hawtray) at Windsor.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

88

434

47

267

135

701

Miss Oakley

84

440

47

257

131

697

Miss Legh

80

418

43

263

123

681

Mrs. Marshall

87

407

43

223

130

630

Miss B. Oakley

78

390

47

237

125

627

Miss Hayllar

81

387

42

212

123

599

Mrs. C. E. Nesham

78

350

45

245

123

595

Miss H. Hutchinson

81

351

46

234

127

585

Miss Pears

76

348

42

232

118

580

Mrs. Horniblow

79

353

46

216

125

569

Miss M. Winwood

69

329

43

239

112

568

Miss C. Radford

76

318

44

220

120

538

Miss I. Carter

72

316

43

191

115

507

Mrs. Piers F. Legh won the Challenge bracer with 6-1/3 points. Miss Oakley won 1 point for score at 60 yards; and she and Miss B. Oakley divided the point for hits at 50 yards with Mrs. P. F. Legh.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

75

315

71

369

45

257

191

941

Mr. C. E. Nesham

84

340

79

343

45

219

208

902

Mr. H. Kendall

64

272

73

357

47

223

184

852

Mr. Gregson

52

218

72

326

43

217

167

761

Captain M. Allen

64

252

66

284

41

213

171

749

Mr. O. L. Clare 13

63

229

73

327

36

182

172

738

Mr. N. Rattray

51

223

62

250

45

211

158

684

Mr. J. H. Bridges

63

235

62

268

39

171

164

674

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

49

205

61

239

42

228

152

672

Mr. F. A. Govett

73

291

49

195

34

144

156

630

Mr. G. G. Hulme

55

209

50

242

43

177

148

628

Mr. C. J. Longman

46

158

66

280

40

180

152

618

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe

52

168

55

219

44

228

151

615

13 Entered as Mr. Hindley.

Mr. C. E. Nesham won the Champion's medal with 5 points. Major Fisher won the 2 points for gross score and the Spedding Challenge Cup, and 2 more points for score at 80 and at 60 yards. Mr. H. Kendall won the point for hits at 60 yards.

In the handicap match on August 8 Mrs. P. F. Legh scored 357, and Miss Legh 354; Mr. C. E. Nesham 482, Mr. H. Kendall 411, and Mr. Gregson 406.

Fifty-seven ladies and fifty gentlemen shot at this meeting. The weather was intensely hot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fifth Grand Northern Archery Meeting was held on the West Cliff Cricket-ground at Preston, in Lancashire, on August 27 and 28, 1884.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

84

432

42

234

126

666

Miss Legh

90

426

45

233

135

659

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

84

380

47

275

131

655

Mrs. Waithman

70

332

41

223

111

555

Mrs. Swire

66

294

42

230

108

524

Mrs. H. Clarke

64

298

43

217

107

515

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. E. Nesham

81

311

76

382

47

271

204

964

Mr. Gregson

74

320

78

336

42

192

194

848

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

74

316

66

280

44

228

184

824

Mr. O. L. Clare

57

247

63

245

38

176

158

668

Mrs. Waithman and Mr. Gregson became Championess and Champion of the North.

Forty-four ladies and thirty-five gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirtieth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 10 and 11, 1885, when twenty-nine ladies and thirty-eight gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

94

554

48

310

142

864

Miss Steel

85

389

47

257

132

646

Miss Legh

82

390

43

247

125

637

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

86

372

44

254

130

626

Miss F. Bardswell

85

395

43

199

128

594

Miss B. Oakley

76

370

39

173

115

543

Mrs. Keyworth

67

273

46

246

113

519

Mrs. Wade

68

308

39

195

107

503

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

87

369

72

316

43

233

202

918

Mr. C. E. Nesham

90

348

63

301

45

257

198

906

Mr. Perry-Keene

70

284

70

272

45

213

185

769

Mr. R. Walters

67

289

72

290

39

171

178

750

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe

49

203

77

331

43

215

169

749

Mr. Gregson

44

174

68

308

44

236

156

718

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

54

228

71

291

43

197

168

716

Mr. G. L. Aston

65

251

68

260

34

180

167

691

Mr. H. Howman

67

289

59

259

39

143

165

691

Mr. Piers F. Legh

61

207

64

272

41

199

166

678

Mr. Brodie Hoare

36

134

78

352

39

179

153

665

Mr. H. H. Longman

60

228

65

263

32

146

157

637

Mr. H. Kendall

46

182

60

264

37

181

143

627

Mr. G. G. Hulme

46

168

56

254

39

191

141

613

Miss Legh scored 352 and Mr. Hussey 390 in the handicap match on June 12.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-seventh Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on the Cricket-ground on July 9 and 10, 1885, when forty-eight ladies and twenty-nine gentlemen shot.

Mr. Nesham acted as Hon. Secretary to the meeting.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Legh

95

517

48

292

143

809

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

88

486

46

250

134

736

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

81

397

46

242

127

639

Miss F. Bardswell

80

372

45

231

125

603

Miss Carlisle

71

341

46

216

117

557

Miss Pears

79

325

45

227

124

552

Miss Hayllar

76

318

46

230

122

548

Mrs. Stilwell

72

342

41

205

113

547

Miss Milne

68

312

43

225

111

537

Mrs. W. Yates Foot

71

317

42

196

113

513

Mrs. Marshall

70

294

44

218

114

512

Mrs. C. E. Nesham

72

316

43

191

115

507

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. E. Nesham

76

324

73

313

47

223

196

860

Major C. H. Fisher

75

273

77

351

42

176

194

800

Mr. R. Walters

67

241

71

293

42

204

180

738

Mr. C. H. Everett

65

265

67

279

38

188

170

732

Mr. Brodie Hoare

68

266

62

252

41

197

171

715

Mr. H. Kendall

71

283

54

240

39

177

164

700

Mr. Perry-Keene

69

277

58

236

38

184

165

697

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe

58

226

66

282

43

185

167

693

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

42

188

61

271

47

269

150

678

Mr. Gregson

34

140

58

248

46

238

138

626

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-third Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Weymouth on July 22 and 23, 1885, when forty-nine ladies and twenty-eight gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

80

360

46

250

126

610

Miss F. Bardswell

80

354

43

197

123

551

Mrs. P. Pinckney

71

329

43

221

114

550

Mrs. W. Yates Foot

83

345

39

201

122

546

Mrs. C. E. Nesham

73

317

45

227

118

544

Miss M. Winwood

66

282

43

221

109

503

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. E. Nesham

84

324

66

268

46

250

196

842

Mr. R. Walters

56

220

66

264

43

209

165

693

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe

56

202

53

193

44

208

153

603

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

39

129

66

252

40

196

145

577

Mr. and Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey became Champion and Championess of the West.

Mrs. Hussey and Mr. Nesham scored 367 and 530 respectively in the handicap match on July 24.

*      *      *      *      *

The Forty-second Grand National Archery Meeting was held in the College-grounds at Great Malvern on July 29 and 30, 1885, when sixty-four ladies and fifty-one gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Piers F. Legh

88

460

47

289

135

749

Miss Legh

91

417

44

258

135

675

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

84

386

46

248

130

634

Mrs. Marshall

84

360

42

228

126

588

Miss Steel

77

345

41

197

118

542

Miss B. M. Legh

75

363

42

172

117

535

Miss F. Bardswell

72

310

43

217

115

527

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. E. Nesham

94

356

72

316

45

245

211

917

Major C. H. Fisher

79

381

68

310

40

194

187

885

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe

52

211

64

310

40

224

163

745

Mr. Perry-Keene

46

194

67

261

45

261

158

716

Mr. R. Walters

69

291

59

251

32

130

160

672

Mr. H. Kendall

61

241

62

270

33

159

156

670

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

51

213

58

248

42

184

151

645

Captain M. Allen

54

216

62

252

37

153

153

621

Mrs. P. F. Legh became the Championess with 6 points, Miss Legh having 1 point for a tie on the gross hits, and 1 point for most hits at 50 yards.

Mr. Nesham won the Champion's medal for most points—7-1/2—and the Spedding memorial cup with the highest score. Major Fisher won 1 point for hits at 100 yards, and Mr. Perry-Keene won 1-1/2 points, having tied Mr. Nesham with 45 hits at 60 yards, and he won the point for highest score at 60 yards.

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey and Mrs. P. F. Legh scored 374 and 371 respectively in the handicap match on July 31, and Mr. C. E. Nesham and Mr. Perry-Keene scored 462 and 402 on the same day.

*      *      *      *      *

The Sixth Annual Grand Northern Archery Meeting was held at York, on the Gentlemen's Cricket-ground, September 2 and 3, 1885, when forty-eight ladies and thirty-one gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. W. Yates Foot

72

360

44

256

116

616

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

84

392

45

219

129

611

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

82

360

44

206

126

566

Miss F. Bardswell

74

294

46

244

120

538

Miss K. Sharpe

70

296

42

233

113

529

Miss M. A. Hollins

61

295

45

225

106

520

Mrs. H. Clarke

70

272

44

234

114

506

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

58

198

73

305

42

248

173

751

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe

54

218

64

304

41

225

159

747

Mr. Gregson

42

162

68

276

44

208

154

646

Mr. C. E. Thorpe

56

190

54

276

32

156

142

622

Mrs. D. Ainsworth became the Championess of the North.

Mr. Gregson became the Champion of the North.

In the handicap match on September 4, Mr. Nesham scored 495, Mr. Metcalfe 411, and Mr. Hussey 401.

*      *      *      *      *

The Thirty-first Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 9 and 10, 1886, when twenty-three ladies and twenty-eight gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Legh

83

409

45

253

128

662

Mrs. Kinahan

78

386

45

247

123

633

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

84

354

45

259

129

613

Miss F. Bardswell

85

385

45

223

130

608

Mrs. Gilmour

81

369

40

210

121

579

Mrs. W. Yates Foot

74

372

39

179

113

551

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

64

292

45

247

109

539

Mrs. Berens

72

326

41

189

113

515

Mrs. Hibbert

73

323

40

188

113

511

Mrs. Keyworth

74

318

40

182

114

500

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

86

404

69

317

43

205

198

926

Mr. Perry-Keene

77

293

83

353

42

234

202

880

Mr. C. E. Nesham

93

339

69

277

44

222

206

838

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe

80

354

62

240

42

242

184

836

Mr. Brodie Hoare

60

236

60

264

46

240

166

740

Colonel H. A. Burton

69

259

60

270

41

203

170

732

Mr. R. Walters

66

212

68

282

40

196

174

690

Captain Garnett

64

248

54

226

38

186

156

660

Mr. C. J. Longman

48

216

64

258

34

168

146

642

Mr. Gregson

31

101

75

325

38

190

144

616

Mr. G. G. Hulme

59

207

54

236

36

168

149

611

Mr. F. N. Garnett

49

181

63

259

39

167

151

607

Mr. Perry-Keene scored 474 in the handicap match on June 11.

*      *      *      *      *

The Seventh Grand Northern Archery Meeting was held at Lincoln on June 23 and 24, 1886, when twenty-six ladies and nineteen gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

82

350

46

248

128

598

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

75

343

42

242

117

585

Miss F. Bardswell

75

375

43

207

118

582

Mrs. Kinahan

78

370

43

207

121

577

Mrs. Waithman

67

301

44

238

111

539

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Perry-Keene

88

348

81

377

46

244

215

969

Mr. C. E. Nesham

74

286

46

178

44

222

164

686

Mrs. D. Ainsworth and Mr. Gregson (145 hits, 591 score) became Championess and Champion of the North.

Mr. Perry-Keene scored 530 in the handicap match on June 25.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twenty-eighth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on the Cricket-ground on July 15 and 16, 1886.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Marshall

79

391

46

252

125

643

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

84

392

45

245

129

637

Mrs. Kinahan

83

413

46

224

129

637

Mrs. Haigh

75

355

39

215

114

570

Miss A. Barton

67

353

41

207

108

560

Mrs. Keyworth

72

320

43

211

115

531

Miss Hayllar

72

342

41

181

113

523

Miss Norton

70

320

43

191

113

511

Miss F. Bardswell

71

299

43

209

114

508

Miss C. Smith

71

307

41

201

112

508

Mrs. Kane

71

311

44

194

115

505

Miss Carlisle

68

296

41

209

109

505

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Perry-Keene

87

339

73

379

44

226

204

944

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

55

243

69

367

42

242

166

852

Mr. C. E. Nesham

81

299

71

315

42

206

194

820

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe

62

266

69

283

38

200

169

749

Mr. J. H. Bridges

58

218

61

297

43

185

162

700

Colonel H. A. Burton

55

211

65

307

34

166

154

684

Captain M. Allen

54

186

61

251

43

235

158

672

Mr. C. H. Everett

56

222

67

255

38

200

161

677

Mr. H. Kendall

62

266

48

198

40

196

150

660

Mr. Gedge

50

200

60

244

40

194

150

638

Mr. Burrowes

45

173

56

236

42

204

143

613

Mr. Erskine

62

258

56

228

33

125

151

611

Mr. Walrond

59

237

57

217

38

154

154

608

Colonel Lewin

58

228

53

223

34

150

145

601

Fifty-two ladies and thirty-five gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Forty-third Grand National and the Twenty-fourth Grand Western Archery Meetings were united and held together at Bath on July 29 and 30, 1886.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Legh

89

437

47

289

136

726

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey

83

397

46

246

129

643

Mrs. Marshall

75

375

48

262

123

637

Mrs. D. Ainsworth

83

389

46

242

129

631

Miss Steel

84

416

43

211

127

627

Miss B. Oakley

84

420

39

201

123

621

Mrs. Gilling

77

377

44

242

121

619

Mrs. Kinahan

80

368

43

225

123

593

Miss F. Bardswell

76

304

45

273

121

577

Miss C. Radford

74

328

43

221

117

549

Miss M. Winwood

76

332

41

217

117

549

Mrs. Horniblow

73

341

42

188

115

529

Mrs. Berens

76

364

40

164

116

528

Miss B. M. Legh

68

316

41

203

109

519

Miss Pedder

68

290

45

221

113

511

Mrs. Maltby

67

317

38

194

105

511

Miss Palmer

75

355

36

150

111

505

Mrs. Gilmour

75

311

41

191

116

502

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. E. Nesham

81

411

76

354

45

257

202

1022

Major C. H. Fisher

70

278

72

344

45

243

187

865

Mr. E. Sharpe

75

309

71

303

42

180

188

792

Mr. J. H. Bridges

62

222

68

322

42

206

172

750

Colonel H. A. Burton

70

300

60

266

39

179

169

745

Mr. Perry-Keene

65

257

70

290

42

196

177

743

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe

53

213

66

216

42

214

163

743

Mr. F. A. Govett

72

322

56

232

32

182

160

736

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey

55

217

67

259

43

219

165

695

Mr. G. G. Hulme

57

209

53

237

43

225

153

671

Mr. Gedge

48

188

63

263

44

204

155

655

Mr. Gregson

37

149

73

329

41

171

151

649

Mr. Gataker

55

225

60

246

36

170

151

641

Mr. Piers F. Legh

46

194

55

253

39

185

140

632

Mr. Erskine

64

244

57

233

34

148

155

625

Mr. R. Walters

54

204

53

231

35

179

142

614

Captain M. Allen

46

160

60

222

44

226

150

608

Ninety-five ladies and sixty-five gentlemen shot.

Miss Legh became the Championess with 7 points, Mrs. Marshall having won the point for hits at 50 yards.

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey became the Championess of the West.

Mr. C. E. Nesham became the Champion with 9-1/2 points, Major C. H. Fisher having tied with him in the point for hits at 60 yards.

Mr. Perry-Keene became the Champion of the West.

*      *      *      *      *

In the handicap match on July 31, Miss Legh scored 391, Miss B. Oakley 363, Mrs. D. Ainsworth 344, Mrs. Marshall 343, and Mrs. Horniblow 337; and on the same day Mr. E. Sharpe scored 429.

ROYAL TOXOPHILITE SOCIETY'S HANDICAP MEETINGS

A series of meetings extending over two days, the double York Round being shot, commenced in 1881, and the Grand Centenary Archery Meeting of the Royal Toxophilite Society was held in the Society's ground in the Regent's Park, on October 12 and 13, 1881.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. H. H. Palairet

82

364

81

417

47

281

210

1062

Mr. W. Rimington

76

294

75

337

43

241

194

872

Mr. J. H. Bridges

72

292

75

337

44

206

191

835

Mr. O. K. Prescot 14

74

274

72

298

44

234

190

806

Mr. Piers F. Legh 14

69

261

69

299

43

215

181

775

Mr. G. O. Pardoe 14

57

225

77

327

41

201

175

753

Mr. C. H. Everett

65

231

65

287

40

198

170

716

Major C. H. Fisher

71

255

63

279

36

162

170

696

Mr. H. Kendall

58

206

64

248

44

222

166

676

Mr. C. J. Longman

59

237

59

251

37

183

155

671

Mr. E. N. Snow

54

234

52

224

40

212

146

670

Mr. C. E. Nesham

72

264

55

203

37

199

164

666

Mr. A. Meyrick 14

45

181

65

299

28

162

138

642

Colonel Lewin

62

244

58

238

32

154

152

636

Mr. O. L. Clare

54

204

64

238

40

178

158

620

Mr. A. Newall

54

182

58

268

40

170

152

620

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 14

55

209

57

207

39

195

151

611

Captain M. Allen 14

46

146

69

249

41

211

156

606

Mr. Perry-Keene 14

66

234

47

217

33

153

146

604

14 Visitors.

Sixty-five gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

A Grand Annual Handicap Meeting of the Royal Toxophilite Society was held on October 11 and 12, 1882.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Major C. H. Fisher

83

315

77

337

44

238

204

890

Mr. C. E. Nesham

84

332

66

296

38

188

188

816

Mr. O. L. Clare

60

222

64

294

46

260

170

776

Mr. R. Walters

73

265

74

316

41

191

188

772

Mr. Piers F. Legh 15

56

236

75

325

43

207

174

768

Mr. C. H. Everett

67

257

69

285

45

201

181

743

Mr. G. W. Chapman

60

248

52

198

38

210

150

656

Mr. H. Kendall

51

227

52

238

40

174

143

639

Mr. G. O. Pardoe 15

47

211

53

249

40

172

140

632

Mr. W. Yates Foot

53

209

54

230

35

187

142

626

Mr. C. J. Longman

56

198

55

195

43

207

154

600

15 Visitors.

Thirty-three gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Grand Annual Handicap Meeting of the Royal Toxophilite Society was held on October 11 and 12, 1883.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. E. Nesham

100

426

75

337

45

247

220

1010

Mr. C. J. Longman

72

274

69

305

47

229

188

808

Major C. H. Fisher

79

313

67

291

37

185

183

789

Mr. H. A. Howman 16

65

273

57

259

41

231

163

763

Mr. N. Rattray

69

221

71

315

41

225

181

761

Mr. F. A. Govett

68

258

66

292

46

208

180

758

Mr. O. L. Clare

57

229

69

281

41

213

167

723

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 16

69

291

60

238

39

189

168

718

Colonel Lewin

59

203

64

270

43

211

166

684

Mr. G. W. Chapman

54

224

63

271

38

164

155

659

Mr. G. G. Hulme 16

53

219

57

227

38

186

148

632

Captain M. Allen 16

64

228

57

215

40

178

161

621

Mr. C. H. Everett

59

231

54

220

38

164

151

615

16 Visitors.

Twenty-eight gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Grand Jubilee and Annual Handicap Meeting of the Royal Toxophilite Society was held on October 9 and 10, 1884.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. E. Nesham

89

393

70

290

45

211

204

894

Mr. R. Walters

70

264

69

305

43

219

182

788

Mr. O. L. Clare

83

321

66

268

42

198

191

787

Mr. J. H. Bridges

66

242

75

327

41

215

182

784

Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 17

58

206

75

323

45

247

178

776

Mr. C. J. Longman

76

310

68

270

38

172

182

752

Captain M. Allen 17

67

243

71

309

42

198

180

750

Mr. Gregson 17

74

252

65

291

38

188

177

731

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe

55

225

64

276

44

200

163

701

Mr. Piers F. Legh 17

57

201

69

283

40

192

166

676

Mr. A. Newall

57

225

60

256

31

147

148

628

Mr. C. H. Everett

45

149

66

288

41

179

152

616

Mr. Walrond

57

195

57

199

41

205

155

599

Mr. G. G. Hulme 17

47

179

52

210

41

209

140

598

Mr. H. Kendall

54

184

51

209

41

199

146

592

17 Visitors.

Forty-nine gentlemen shot.

Nothing could have been more unfavourable than the weather on this occasion. It was wet, stormy, and bitterly cold.

*      *      *      *      *

The Grand Annual Autumn Handicap Meeting of the Royal Toxophilite Society was held on October 8 and 9, 1885.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Perry-Keene 18

69

245

84

384

43

255

196

884

Mr. C. E. Nesham

79

273

81

355

45

243

205

871

Mr. R. Walters

72

256

78

370

39

203

189

829

Mr. E. Brodie Hoare

66

274

58

246

43

201

167

721

Mr. H. H. Longman

61

205

60

268

42

230

163

703

Mr. C. H. Everett

63

249

61

259

39

175

163

683

Mr. H. Kendall

44

174

52

224

43

233

139

631

18 Visitor.

Twenty-one gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*      *      *      *      *

The Grand Annual Autumn Handicap Meeting of the Royal Toxophilite Society was held on October 14 and 15, 1886.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. C. E. Nesham

86

354

78

354

44

208

208

916

Mr. J. H. Bridges

65

269

69

309

43

211

177

789

Mr. N. Rattray

67

289

54

242

43

203

164

734

Mr. Walrond

67

259

63

245

44

220

174

724

Mr. H. H. Longman

59

207

68

298

36

180

163

685

Captain M. Allen 19

47

189

68

328

30

154^20

145

671

Mr. E. Fisher 19

63

215

57

239

44

212

164

666

Mr. C. H. Everett

51

187

67

261

40

188

158

636

Mr. E. C. Gedge 19

59

235

57

197

36

178

152

610

Mr. A. Henty

45

171

57

207

44

222

146

600

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe

53

205

53

207

39

187

145

599

19 Visitors.

20 Did not complete the shooting at 60 yards.

Twenty-one gentlemen shot at this meeting.

SCOTCH PUBLIC MEETINGS

The Eleventh Annual Scottish Archery Meeting was held on the Cricket-ground (Lavilands), near Stirling, on August 4 and 5, 1865.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

88

424

46

290

134

714

Mrs. Horniblow

82

432

43

253

125

685

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. P. Muir

85

315

61

239

44

266

190

820

Mr. J. Murdoch

54

194

58

238

39

193

151

625

Mr. P. Murdoch

59

243

49

163

40

208

148

614

Mr. J. Allan

52

162

42

206

40

226

134

594

Thirteen ladies and thirty-six gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Twelfth Annual Scottish National Archery Meeting was held on the County Cricket-ground in Raeburn Place, Stockbridge, Edinburgh, on August 17 and 18, 1866.

——

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

82

368

45

241

127

609

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. P. Muir

67

279

63

261

42

212

172

752

Captain Betham

47

195

56

232

42

196

145

623

Nine ladies and thirty-eight gentlemen shot.

It was only on these two occasions that the Double Rounds were shot at these meetings.

IRISH PUBLIC MEETINGS

The Second Irish Grand National Archery Meeting was held at Bray, not far from Dublin, on August 12 and 13.

Twenty-three ladies and twenty-eight gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

86

428

47

263

133

691

Miss Betham

78

362

47

245

125

607

Miss Warde

69

301

42

218

111

519

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

68

266

77

357

48

298

193

921

Mr. R. W. Atkinson

69

303

66

298

42

228

177

829

Mr. T. L. Coulson

60

230

52

248

39

195

151

673

Mr. H. Walters

63

223

57

235

36

180

156

638

Mr. Macnamara

46

160

62

254

42

224

150

638

Mr. E. Popham

54

198

63

287

34

134

151

619

Captain Betham

48

178

61

263

42

170

151

611

Mr. G. Edwards scored 404 in the handicap match on August 14.

*      *      *      *      *

The Third Irish Grand National Archery Meeting was held in the Rotunda Gardens, Dublin, on July 27 and 28, 1864.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

85

437

42

218

127

655

Miss H. Tarleton

72

320

32

134

104

454

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

70

276

73

308

48

248

191

827

Captain Betham

64

234

66

276

43

215

173

725

Mr. Betham

58

210

60

246

44

226

162

682

Mr. R. W. Atkinson

51

179

68

282

42

202

161

663

Mr. Maconchy

63

215

55

207

40

214

158

636

Mr. H. Elliott

48

150

59

269

44

200

151

619

Twenty-two ladies and twenty-one gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fourth Irish Grand National Archery Meeting was held in the New Winter Gardens, Dublin, on May 31 and June 1, 1865.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

85

375

46

264

131

639

Mrs. Ormsby

65

257

41

175

106

432

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. G. Edwards

50

192

77

387

45

231

172

810

Mr. Betham

74

306

62

248

42

204

178

758

Captain Betham

59

227

61

277

39

157

159

661

Captain Whitla

59

223

57

237

28

130

144

590

Thirteen ladies and seventeen gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Second Grand Leinster Archery Meeting was held in the grounds of the Exhibition Palace, Dublin, on September 19 and 20, 1865.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Macpherson

75

343

42

220

117

563

Miss Hendley

67

305

41

187

108

492

Miss Betham

66

290

36

200

102

490

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Captain Whitla

41

149

64

310

40

230

145

689

Mr. Betham

49

197

56

234

39

171

144

602

Twenty-six ladies and sixteen gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fifth Irish Grand National Archery Meeting was held in the New Winter Gardens in Dublin on August 1, 2, and 3, 1866. Eighteen ladies and seventeen gentlemen shot.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. Horniblow

86

386

46

268

132

654

Miss Betham

80

378

40

244

120

622

Miss A. Betham

61

291

44

238

105

529

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Betham

63

241

68

272

45

287

176

800

Mr. G. Edwards

36

134

70

348

45

231

151

713

Mr. R. W. Atkinson

54

210

57

259

41

213

152

682

Captain Whitla

58

226

60

260

40

192

158

678

Captain Betham

36

130

60

240

46

238

142

608

*      *      *      *      *

The First Ulster Grand Archery Meeting was held at Ulsterville, Belfast, on August 8, 9, and 10, 1866.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

88

418

46

274

134

692

Mrs. Horniblow

79

349

40

202

119

551

Miss Ada Betham

70

320

41

209

111

529

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Betham

72

274

65

257

40

196

177

727

Captain Betham

50

172

53

255

41

173

144

600

Eighteen ladies and nine gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Third Grand Leinster Archery Meeting was held in the grounds of the Exhibition Palace at Dublin on September 4 and 5, 1866.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

87

467

287

134

754

Miss L. Quin

74

336

39

191

113

527

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Betham

59

209

71

287

41

205

171

701

Captain Betham

59

201

71

305

41

195

171

701

Mr. R. W. Atkinson

54

214

67

305

41

181

162

700

Mr. W. Butt

52

192

50

236

38

172

140

600

Twenty-three ladies and twenty-three gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Second Ulster Grand Archery Meeting was held in the grounds of the Armagh Archers, at Armagh, on August 7 and 8, 1867.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

84

400

48

294

132

694

Miss H. Hutchinson

81

367

44

226

125

593

Miss A. Betham

73

329

43

237

116

566

Miss Davison

72

296

42

220

114

516

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Betham

63

281

73

291

43

233

179

805

Mr. R. W. Atkinson

55

191

56

234

43

231

154

656

Mr. Russell

58

216

58

244

36

162

152

622

Twenty ladies and seventeen gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Grand Munster Archery Meeting was held at Limerick, on September 21 and 22, 1867.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

84

424

48

234

132

658

Miss A. Betham

82

380

46

246

128

626

Miss Warde

64

312

41

225

105

537

Mrs. Ormsby

68

294

44

214

112

508

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Betham

63

267

58

246

41

227

162

740

Mr. A. E. Knox

60

212

58

270

38

186

156

668

Mr. R. W. Atkinson

58

204

52

220

37

169

147

593

Twenty-eight ladies and eighteen gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Fourth Grand Annual Meeting of the Leinster Archers was held in the grounds of the Exhibition Palace, Dublin, on August 26 and 27, 1867.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

84

416

46

278

130

694

Miss A. Betham

84

390

47

231

131

621

Miss H. Hutchinson

75

329

42

224

117

553

Miss Mayne

73

313

46

226

119

539

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Betham

70

282

80

358

45

231

195

871

Mr. A. Knox

63

277

66

252

38

196

167

725

Mr. Russell

53

205

59

299

40

186

152

690

Mr. R. W. Atkinson

59

217

44

176

45

225

148

618

Twenty-three ladies and seventeen gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Sixth Irish Grand National Archery Meeting was held in the grounds of the Exhibition Palace in Dublin, on September 14 and 15, 1867.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

88

440

47

303

135

743

Miss Ormsby

83

425

44

232

127

657

Miss L. Quin

76

384

47

259

123

643

Miss A. Betham

76

328

46

258

122

586

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Betham

61

269

70

268

44

230

175

767

Mr. Russell

65

247

59

251

38

192

162

690

Mr. N. A. Knox

63

253

58

244

34

154

155

651

Fourteen ladies and fourteen gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Second Grand Munster Archery Meeting was held in the grounds of Cortigan (Sir Denham Norreys, Bart.), near Mallow, on September 2 and 3, 1868.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Betham

87

473

48

292

135

765

Miss L. Quin

72

326

43

217

115

543

Miss Ormsby

72

334

40

198

112

532

Mrs. Vansittart

74

326

35

181

109

507

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Betham

52

182

65

269

41

219

158

670

Nineteen ladies and twelve gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

The Third Grand Munster Archery Meeting was held in Sir D. Norreys's grounds at Cortigan, near Mallow, on September 8 and 9, 1869.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss Peel

85

373

45

199

130

572

Mrs. V. Forbes

70

308

46

236

116

544

Miss L. Quin

83

359

42

176

125

535

Miss Ormsby

73

313

44

220

117

533

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Betham

66

232

67

305

41

189

174

726

Twenty-four ladies and fourteen gentlemen shot.

*      *      *      *      *

A Grand Leinster Meeting was held in the grounds of the Exhibition Palace, Dublin, on October 6 and 7, 1869.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Miss H. Hutchinson

84

412

46

254

130

666

Mrs. V. Forbes

88

408

46

252

134

660

Miss Mayne

73

323

41

239

114

562

Mrs. C. W. Betham

73

333

40

212

113

545

Miss Peel

80

374

38

164

118

538

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. Betham

65

285

57

223

42

208

164

716

Mr. McNamara

47

183

45

199

43

183

135

565

AMERICAN NATIONAL ARCHERY MEETINGS

The First American National Archery Meeting was held at Chicago on August 12, 13, and 14, 1879. On this occasion the ladies shot forty-eight arrows at each of the distances of 30, 40, and 50 yards. The gentlemen shot forty-eight arrows at 60 yards, and ninety-six arrows at 80 yards, on the first day, and seventy-two arrows at 100 yards on each of the other days; thus making up the quantities of a York Round, though in unusual order. The best results were as follows:—

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. W. H. Thompson

39

155

43

155

68

236

150

546

Mr. T. McMechan

35

175

47

177

34

126

116

478

Mr. E. P. Hall

37

157

50

178

28

104

115

439

Mr. C. Leach

34

152

38

138

39

149

111

439

*      *      *      *      *

The Second Annual American National Archery Meeting was held at Buffalo, near New York, on July 11 and 12 (13 and 14?), 1880, when the Round shot by the ladies was forty-eight arrows at each of the distances of 50, 40, and 30 yards; but the gentlemen shot a single York Round on each day. The result of each day's shooting only is given, as the details of the different distances cannot be discovered.

GENTLEMEN

1st Day

2nd Day

Double York Round

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. L. L. Peddinghaus

74

346

78

360

152

706

Mr. W. H. Thompson

82

370

78

332

160

702

Mr. W. Burnham

81

331

78

342

159

673

Mr. F. H. Walworth

68

274

76

316

144

590

*      *      *      *      *

The Fourth Annual American National Archery Meeting was held at Chicago on July 11, 12, and 14, 1882, the National and York double Rounds being shot.[21]

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. A. H. Gibbes

63

251

38

198

101

449

Mrs. F. Morrison

—

—

—

—

94

374

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. D. A. Nash

58

210

65

257

44

246

167

713

Mr. H. S. Taylor

55

151

67

275

46

252

168

678

Mr. R. Williams

49

179

55

235

44

236

148

650

Mr. W. A. Clark

45

197

62

244

41

195

148

636

Mr. W. H. Thompson

46

178

54

234

44

198

144

610

Mr. F. E. Perry

42

148

56

226

39

179

137

553

*      *      *      *      *

The Fifth Annual American National Archery Meeting was held at Cincinnati on July 10, 11, and 12, 1883.

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. P. Williams

76

300

79

371

44

236

199

907

Mr. H. S. Taylor

53

191

51

223

45

235

149

649

Mr. W. A. Clark

56

192

63

257

39

171

158

620

Mr. D. A. Nash

35

135

57

243

45

209

137

587

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. C. Howell

85

413

47

277

132

690

Mrs. S. A. Whitfield

88

436

39

185

127

621

Mrs. T. F. George

71

299

45

237

116

536

Mrs. H. M. Pollock

76

328

42

198

118

526

Mrs. Arthur

72

296

43

213

115

509

*      *      *      *      *

The Sixth Annual American National Archery Meeting was held at Pullman in 1884 on July 8, 9, and 10.

——

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. H. Hall

46

204

42

212

88

416

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mr. W. H. Thompson

63

237

68

314

43

209

174

760

Mr. R. Williams, jun.

67

251

65

267

43

227

175

745

Mr. C. C. Beach

46

176

65

297

44

250

155

723

Mr. H. S. Taylor

44

160

50

198

39

181

133

539

*      *      *      *      *

The Seventh Annual American National Archery Meeting was held at Eaton, Ohio, on July 7, 8, and 9, 1885.

LADIES

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Mrs. M. C. Howell

75

353

46

252

121

605

Miss J. Pollock

78

300

44

216

122

516

Mrs. J. Arthur

65

271

42

210

107

481

GENTLEMEN

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Colonel R. Williams

91

357

78

360

46

278

215

995

Mr. C. C. Beach

46

172

75

347

44

214

165

733

Mr. J. W. B. Siders

39

173

57

275

41

199

137

647

Mr. W. H. Thompson

52

198

53

233

38

176

143

607

Mr. W. A. Clark

51

197

50

200

41

197

142

594

CHAPTER XIV.

CLUB SHOOTING AND PRIVATE PRACTICE

In the following scores an attempt is made to give authentic specimens of the best shooting of as many as possible of the best archers of the past and present time. Mr. Ford himself mentioned how sadly disheartened and crestfallen he felt on his return from his first Grand National Meeting at Derby, where he had scored 341 with 101 hits in the double York Round, which was far below the score he had anticipated, and warned his readers that shooting at a public meeting was very different from private practice or small match shooting. There are but very few archers who have not met with the same disappointment, as will be easily seen when the public and private records here given are compared. Young archers should be strongly recommended to make their public débuts as early as possible—as well to work off the novelty and excitement of the scene as to compare the methods and results of other archers—before they have established great local reputations, which may run the greater risk of being fatally exploded from the very over-anxiety which is employed to keep or increase those reputations in public.

The erroneous practice of shooting trial arrows before the commencement of the regular round has been mostly given up of late years, being altogether discountenanced by the rules of the private practice club, and disallowed at all the public meetings.

In fact, it was a most dangerous practice at the public meetings, where, in former years, before the match shooting commenced, or when it was finished, those who had to cross the ground ran no little risk of being shot by some of the industrious archers, who, not satisfied with the round allotted to the day, were threshing out themselves and their bows, not with shooting at the targets, but mostly at a piece of white paper placed about so far from themselves as an arrow would fall when supposed to have passed through the gold at the particular distance at which these zealots were ever engaged in the apparently hopeless search of the 'range' or a 'point of aim.'

The earliest grand score on the testified York Round in the books of the Royal Toxophilite Society belonged to Mr. H. C. Mules, and was shot on August 24, 1856.

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

50

240

42

232

23

131

=

115

603

He also has scores of 116 hts. 500 sc. and 106 hts. 508 sc. in the books made in 1858. This was surpassed by Mr. H. A. Ford on November 3, 1858, in the Toxophilite grounds:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

47

227

46

258

24

138

=

117

623

and the score of Mr. G. E. S. Fryer, made in the same grounds on August 2, 1872, of

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

59

289

44

218

24

132

=

127

639

went further, and still remains unsurpassed.

This last-mentioned score took, and still holds, the Wilkinson practice medal, which was given to the Royal Toxophilite Society in 1866, and was first taken by Mr. T. Boulton with

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

43

175

40

186

24

148

=

107

509

who afterwards improved his holding of it by making

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

48

206

46

208

23

133

=

117

547

On July 6, 1867, Mr. W. Spottiswoode scored

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

50

244

41

201

23

129

=

114

574

and took and held it until it was transferred to Mr. Fryer in 1872.

The full details of Mr. H. A. Ford's best private-practice score of 809 with 137 hits have been already given.

He also records a score in which the only arrow missed was the 59th, shot at 100 yards, the particular of the score being

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

71

335

48

272

24

158

=

143

765

When shooting with the Royal Toxophilite Society on June 23, 1854, the round being 96 arrows at 100 yards, 72 arrows at 80 yards, and 48 arrows at 60 yards, he made the following score:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

79

373

71

325

47

313

=

197

1011

His best double York Round, made privately, seems to be as follows:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

61

295

48

306

24

186

=

133

787

63

299

46

278

24

168

=

133

745

Total

266

1532

His best scoring at 100 yards is represented by 371 with 69 hits—

G.

R.

B.

BK.

W.

12

17

19

14

7

from his second best York Round score of

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

69

371

48

274

24

154

=

141

799

his best score at 80 yards being 306 with all the 48 hits,

G.

R.

B.

BK.

W.

10

19

15

2

2

and his best at 60 yards 186,

G.

R.

B.

10

13

1

Mr. H. A. Ford himself reports one of his own most extraordinary feats as follows: 'Not but what I have been the originator of a respectable fluke or two myself in my time. For instance, on the second day of the first Grand National Meeting at Shrewsbury in 1854, an old archer, Mr. Hughes, offered a silver bracer as a prize for most golds at any one end, 100 yards to take precedence of 80, and 80 yards of 60. In a very few minutes two gentlemen, Messrs. Garnett and Hilton, if I remember rightly, got two; but this was not enough, the third arrow being destined to go there as well. Accordingly, but a few rounds after, my friend Chance came to my aid, and so the whole three went into the desired spot. Now the combination here was curious. But once during my archery experience has a special prize been offered for a feat of this particular nature, and upon that occasion, and that occasion only in a match, have three golds been got at one end, by one shooter, at 100 yards' ('Archer's Register,' 1864).

Mr. Bramhall gives a good idea of Mr. Ford's indomitable perseverance. 'If,' he says, 'I reported a good score, he persevered until he had beaten it—e.g. in 1853, March 7, I completed 409 following hits at 60 yards. He soon sent me a report of a little over 600' ('Archer's Register,' 1881).

Mr. John Bramhall's best single York Round was made November 25, 1851:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

61

317

41

223

23

135

=

125

675

In 1849 the average of the 54 York Rounds he shot was 453 score from 103 hits; in 1850 it was 502 from 110 hits in 70 rounds; in 1851 it was 561 from 117 hits in 64 rounds; in 1852 it was 575 from 117 hits in 52 rounds; and in 1853 it was 567 from 114 hits in 38 rounds. In shooting at 100 yards he has made 4 golds in consecutive hits, and often 3 at one end. At 80 yards his best in 48 arrows was 47 hits 273 score; and he has made 55 consecutive hits at 80, and 5 following golds. At 60 yards his best record is 24 hits 172 score—409 consecutive hits and 5 following golds. His best double York Round was:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

107

535

91

497

48

290

=

256

1322

shot on June 26 and July 1, 1852.

Mr. E. A. Holmes (champion 1865 and 1870) made his best score on the single York Round in private practice at Harrow, soon after the Grand National Meeting at Brighton in 1867, which is as follows:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

66

284

46

206

22

132

=

134

622

Mr. C. E. Nesham (Royal Toxophilite Society), champion 1884-5-6, has 13 York Rounds scores on the Royal Toxophilite Society's books of over 500, of which the highest is:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

55

281

41

187

22

126

=

118

594

made on May 5, 1887.

In private practice at Bournemouth he scored, on May 14, 1883,

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

63

281

43

243

22

108

=

128

632

and

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

53

269

41

203

22

122

=

116

594

made in the Regent's Park, March 6, 1884.

On twenty-three other occasions, in private and in club matches, he has scored 500 and upwards. Of these, in the Royal Toxophilite Society's books, are:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

46

228

47

253

20

110

=

113

591

shot on October 16, 1884, and

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

50

224

44

220

24

148

=

118

592

shot on October 29, 1885.

Major C. H. Fisher's (Champion 1871-2-3-4, and made highest score at Windsor in 1884 when Mr. Nesham became champion) best York Round score in the books of the Royal Toxophilite Society, made on July 2, 1885, is as follows:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

53

239

42

192

24

136

=

119

557

and his next best, made on October 20, 1871, is

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

47

227

42

194

23

113

=

112

534

His best private practice score on the York Round is the following:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

49

227

45

243

24

158

=

862

118

made on May 25, 1872; and he reports that this Round was shot too quickly, and might have been improved if he had taken more pains.

He has made the following good double rounds in practice, namely:

Hits

Score

May 27 and 28, 1873

235

1079

July 23 and 24, 1874

235

1123

and in 1876:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

June 12,

50

196

43

213

23

103

=

116

512

June 13,

46

194

45

233

23

113

=

114

540

Totals

230

1052

and in 1877 a single York Round:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Sept. 7,

55

241

44

202

23

125

=

122

568

Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe's (Royal Toxophilite Society) best single York Round is:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

54

258

37

173

19

93

=

100

524

made on May 22, 1886, in private practice.

Mr. C. H. Everett's best single York Rounds appear to be:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Aug. 9, 1880

45

179

41

229

22

114

=

108

522

April 2, 1883

48

180

42

222

24

134

=

114

536

April 16, 1883

54

214

37

177

24

158

=

115

549

made in private practice.

At a meeting of the Royal Toxophilite Society on October 4, 1874, he scored:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

45

187

40

190

23

123

=

108

500

and again in the Regent's Park on September 30, 1880:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

52

192

41

209

23

109

=

116

510

and on October 14, 1880:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

50

224

38

166

22

116

=

110

506

Mr. W. J. Richardson (Royal Toxophilite Society) has a good score on the York Round in the books of the Royal Toxophilite Society, made on June 7, 1860:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

44

190

39

193

21

133

=

104

516

as also has Mr. W. Rimington (Royal Toxophilite Society) champion 1868-69 and 1877:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

48

206

42

178

24

120

=

114

504

made on July 2, 1869.

Col. H. F. C. Lewin's (Royal Toxophilite Society) best scores have been made in private practice at Eltham, in the late Mr. Mill's grounds, and are:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

41

199

38

194

21

115

=

100

508

made on November 3, 1870, and

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

50

226

36

146

24

136

=

110

508

made in 1869.

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer (Champion in 1875, Royal Toxophilite Society), besides his excellent score of 639 with 127 hits, has another very good York Round score in the books of the Royal Toxophilite Society, made on June 3, 1873:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

55

235

47

249

24

138

=

126

622

He made another fine York Round on August 15, 1873, in private practice:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

54

238

46

218

24

150

=

124

606

and in the books of the Royal Toxophilite Society in 1874, on May 27:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

50

200

42

242

23

129

=

115

571

on June 17:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

58

242

44

200

23

155

=

125

597

and on July 1:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

48

184

45

243

24

132

=

117

559

Mr. H. H. Palairet's (Champion in 1876, Royal Toxophilite Society) best scores on the York Round appear to be the following:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

53

241

45

239

24

108

=

122

588

made at a West Berks Meeting at Great Marlow (Colonel Wethered's) on June 20, 1882, and this score is the York Round 'record' of the West Berks Archers.

In private practice on July 15, 1875, he scored:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

54

252

43

205

23

121

=

120

578

showing a very good score at 100 yards; and on July 30 he scored 46 hits 264 score in the 48 arrows at 80 yards.

His best shooting at 60 yards appears to have been made on July 24, 1874, when, shooting 96 arrows, he scored 579 with 95 hits.

Mr. C. J. Longman's (Champion in 1883, Royal Toxophilite Society) best York Round score in the books of the Royal Toxophilite Society is dated November 1, 1883, and is as follows:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

49

199

41

189

23

149

=

113

537

and his best private practice scores made in the same grounds are:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

55

249

41

213

23

129

=

119

591

46

204

46

220

24

148

=

116

572

Totals

235

1163

made on June 17 and 18, 1884, respectively.

Mr. H. H. Longman's (Royal Toxophilite Society) best York Round score made in private practice in the Royal Toxophilite Society's grounds on March 30, 1887, is as follows:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

51

223

41

191

21

91

=

113

505

Mr. Piers F. Legh (Royal Toxophilite Society) has made some good single York Rounds in private practice, viz.:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

July 14, 1879

45

181

40

194

24

154

=

109

529

July 19, 1880

41

177

44

208

24

124

=

109

509

Sept. 20, 1880

51

223

38

180

24

124

=

113

527

Mr. R. Walters (Champion in 1879, Royal Toxophilite Society) has made some good scores in private practice, of which the best appear to be as follows:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Oct. 25, 1884

48

184

43

211

23

133

=

114

528

Aug. 15, 1885

45

187

44

214

24

126

=

113

527

Mr. J. H. Bridges' (Royal Toxophilite Society) best single York Rounds in private practice are:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Oct. 7, 1881

39

181

42

222

24

120

=

105

523

June 8, 1884

=

118

546

At 100 yards, in 72 arrows, he has made:

Hits

Score

April 2, 1884

55

261

At 80 yards, in 48 arrows, he has made:

Hits

Score

January 27, 1887

45

263

April 12, 1887

48

216

At 60 yards, in 24 arrows:

Hits

Score

April 23, 1884

24

166

and in 100 arrows at 60 yards:

Hits

Score

September 18, 1879

100

586

April 23, 1884

99

627

It will be observed that nearly all Mr. Bridges' practice occurs early or late in the season, as cricket absorbs much of his attention in the summer.

Mr. L. R. Erskine (Royal Toxophilite Society) has made some good single York Rounds in private practice, viz.:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Nov. 8, 1886

49

195

41

215

22

122

=

112

532

Mar. 1, 1887

50

210

46

222

23

117

=

119

549

Mar. 5, 1887

53

231

46

198

24

126

=

123

555

Mar. 11, 1887

52

220

45

227

23

133

=

120

580

The full particulars of Mr. O. K. Prescot's (Royal Toxophilite Society) best private practice double York Round score of 1197 cannot be given, as they have been lost or destroyed. It was shot in two days of September 1867. The first total score was 621, and the score at 100 yards was 256—200 having been made in the first 4 dozen. The second round was 567, and, in this round, the score at 80 yards was 249. The most annoying thing about the round was that the last arrow at 60 yards missed the target, when a black even would have brought the total up to 1200.

Mr. H. J. B. Kendall's (Royal Toxophilite Society) best score in the York Round was made in private practice on August 14, 1884:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

46

222

46

228

22

118

=

114

568

On this occasion the 2 arrows not counted at 80 yards went through weak places in the target.

He also made 52 hits 224 score at 100 yards on Aug 28, 1884.

On July 5, 1877, he made 3 golds in one end at 100 yards in the course of the Summer Handicap match of the Royal Toxophilite Society, repeating the feat performed by Mr. H. A. Ford at Shrewsbury in 1854.

Mr. O. Leigh Clare (Royal Toxophilite Society) has made some good private practice, viz.:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

July 23, 1879,

52

266

43

193

23

109

=

118

568

in the single York Round; and in 72 arrows at 100 yards:

Hits

Score

October 12, 1878

56

250

also in 48 arrows at 80 yards:

Hits

Score

July 13, 1878

42

212

Mr. C. J. Perry-Keene made the following fine score in private practice on July 24, 1886, in the single York Round:—

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

57

225

45

229

24

150

=

126

604

and two other good scores made by him are:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

May 6, 1886,

43

217

40

188

23

119

=

106

524

May 7, 1886,

51

215

45

199

24

152

=

120

566

April 18, 1887,

48

202

44

230

24

124

=

116

556

In private practice Mr. F. A. Govett (Royal Toxophilite Society) made:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

October 12, 1883,

50

204

38

184

21

113

=

109

501

and on May 29, at one of the meetings of the same society, he made:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

52

198

41

209

24

114

=

117

521

Again, in private practice, he made on April 11, 1884:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

38

174

43

215

23

123

=

104

512

On September 23, 1886, Mr. F. L. Govett (Royal Toxophilite Society) scored in private practice:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

47

227

40

176

24

130

=

111

533

Mr. F. Townsend's (Woodman of Arden) best York Round score appears to be as follows:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

49

237

33

177

22

102

=

104

516

made on December 27, 1862.

He seldom practised the York Round, and never allowed his archery practice to interfere with his other numerous avocations.

Mr. W. Spottiswoode, P.R.S. (Royal Toxophilite Society), has another good score on the Society's books:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

50

194

38

194

22

124

=

110

512

made on May 30, 1867.

Captain A. P. Moore, who made the highest score in 1849, at Derby, when Mr. H. A. Ford was first champion, reports that his best score in a single York Round was in private practice:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

65

309

44

230

24

152

=

133

691

and that he has made 316 score with 56 hits and 304 score with 64 hits in the 72 arrows at 100 yards.

His best performance at 80 yards was 254 score with 44 hits in the 48 shots, and at 60 yards his best score was 164 with the 24 hits. His best double York Round was 1288 with 252 hits, mentioned by Mr. H. A. Ford. In the month of March 1852 he shot 14 rounds, and their average was 557 score with 115 hits.

Two very good records of Mr. Charles Garnett's (Royal Toxophilite Society) shooting at 100 yards are:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

58

288

and

61

269

72 arrows being shot on each occasion.

He says: 'I shot a distance of 304 yards on a calm day with an 85-lb. bow and four-and-ninepenny 28-inch arrow. I could not get a flight-arrow to stand the bow, or I should probably have shot further, as the four-and-ninepenny arrow was one of the old pattern and heavily feathered.'

Captain C. H. Garnett's (John o' Gaunt Bowmen) best score in the York Round amounted to 522, but he has been unable to find a record of the details. The following is another good score made by him on November 17, 1873:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

48

202

34

182

23

127

=

105

511

In October of the same year, in 72 arrows at 100 yards he made 48 hits 220 score, and made 3 golds in one end.

He reports that his father, Mr. H. Garnett, shooting with the John o' Gaunt Bowmen on one occasion, scored 500 in the York Round.

Another John o' Gaunt Bowman, Mr. B. P. Gregson, has scored as much as 497 in the York Round.

A good St. George's Round (of 36 arrows at each distance) made by Mr. Marr is:

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

24

114

32

118

35

181

=

101

413

another by Mr. Heath:

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

25

89

31

139

35

203

=

91

431

A good St. George's Round made by Mr. E. Maitland (Champion in 1848, Royal Toxophilite Society) is:

100 Yards

80 Yards

60 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

25

97

34

190

36

196

=

95

483

and he says: 'I tried hard to catch up Mr. H. A. Ford on my return to England from Australia in 1858, but had scarcely got within 25 per cent. of his scores when I broke down from overwork—bows too strong, and practice too unremitting. He said if I did not beat him, there was no one else in the field to do it. I don't think I ever should, because I had not his indomitable steadiness and threw away many a shot on a chance: for I was a rapid shooter. I never dwelt on the aim as he did.'

Mr. T. L. Coulson (Royal Toxophilite Society) recorded his first score of 500 on the single York Round on May 1, 1861, on November 18, 1862:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

—

228

—

207

—

130

=

105

565

and on October 21, 1865:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

56

224

44

198

24

136

=

124

558

On January 13, 1869, he made 3 golds in one end at 100 yards.

Mr. J. A. Froude (Royal Toxophilite Society) says: 'I did once make [a score of] over 500 [in the single York Round] in a private match; but only once, and the record of it has long vanished. Richardson and Spedding were both shooting on that occasion, and I, for a miracle, in that single instance beat Richardson.' This probably happened about 1860.

It is generally believed that the private practice of Mr. G. Edwards (Champion in 1860-1-2-4-6) was far beyond his public shooting. He has been heard to say that, though Mr. Ford had been able to land only 71 of the 72 arrows shot at 100 yards in the target (missing his 59th arrow), he (Mr. G. E.) had put all his 72 arrows into the target at the same distance. There is no reason to disbelieve his positive statement that on one occasion, shooting 24 arrows at 60 yards, he put every one of them in the red circle.

'Some of the scores made by Mr. Edward Mason in private practice were very large, and it is to be regretted that no actual details can be given. It is well known, however, that on several occasions he made a score of over 1000 on the double York Round, and were the figures available they could not fail to be of wide interest' ('Archers' Register,' 1882-3).

Mr. Peter Muir (Champion 1845-7 and 1863) was a most successful shot at all distances, short as well as long, but probably seldom, if ever, practised the York Round. Mr. H. A. Ford gives as his best score the following, made at the distance of from 20 to 30 yards, 2 shots, 2 hits—a hawk and a crow (fact).

Mr. E. Meyrick says: 'It is true that I have seen Escott hurl his eight-shilling arrows from a bow of 80 lbs. and ten-shilling arrows from a 100-lb. bow, but then he could not do much hitting. I should think something authentic must exist of my old friend Marsh's long shot of 360 yards up and down. He would hit half his arrows at 100 yards very often,' as may be seen from the extracts given from his actual scores.

A point of interest in Mr. W. Butt's (Royal Toxophilite Society) shooting is, that he shot with both hands, though only on one occasion did he shoot two rounds on the same day, one with each hand. This was at a West Berks meeting at Coombe Wood, Surrey (Sir W. Baynes), as follows:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

34

134

28

122

21

105

=

83

361

Right-handed

16

68

23

77

21

95

=

60

240

Left-handed

His best right-handed shooting was as follows:

80 Yards

60 Yards

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

43

215

24

158

shot on October 3, 1863; and on October 9, 1863, in 110 arrows at 60 yards:

Hits

Score

G.

R.

B.

Bk.

W.

110

640

19

32

39

15

5

On February 8, 1864, in a York Round:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

48

216

42

172

23

113

=

113

501

and on March 12, 1864, at 80 yards 41 hits 207 score in the 48 arrows.

Shooting left-handed, his best scores in the books of the Royal Toxophilite Society are 47 hits 201 score, in 72 arrows at 100 yards, on the first half of the shooting on the Crunden Day on April 18, 1867; and on May 30 in the same year in the York Round:

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

44

206

36

154

24

138

=

104

498

and on October 5, 1876, at 60 yards, 24 hits with 160 score—'record' for 60 yards shooting in the York Round at the meetings of the Royal Toxophilite Society.

Mr. Macnamara made good scores at the public meetings, but it is believed that his shooting in private practice was of infinitely higher quality. He took to shooting left-handed afterwards, but without much success in public.

Mr. G. L. Aston also has been at different periods a successful shot, both right-handed and left-handed, at the public meetings.

About thirty years ago Mr. Aubrey Patton shot so well that Mr. H. A. Ford took the trouble to explain in the pages of the Field that he had not yet been beaten by him; but Mr. Patton's regimental duties took him out of reach of more archery practice.

Mr. E. Sharpe (John o' Gaunt Bowmen) made

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

48

240

36

164

22

112

=

106

516

in private practice October 2, 1886.

No attempt has yet been made to collect the records of the many excellent scores that have been made by numerous ladies in club matches, or in private practice; but it is believed that, owing to the ladies' shooting at the public meetings being more like their club and private practice, in that it occupies an afternoon only, and is not spun out all over the day, as is the case with the gentlemen, the ladies' public shooting more fairly represents the best they can do; yet many ladies have scored over 400 in the half of the National Round who have not yet approached the 800 which both Mrs. and Miss Legh have shown to be attainable at a public meeting in the National Round. A few samples of their accuracy of aim can however be here given as specimens of what might be contributed to another edition of this book.

Mrs. Butt, shooting in private practice in the Jephson Gardens, at Leamington, on June 10, 1870, made

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

48

280

24

168

=

72

448

and, in the course of this score at 50 yards, made 6 consecutive golds in one double end.

Miss Ripley (now Mrs. Bradford), shooting at a Prize Meeting of the Torbay Archers, on August 5, 1871, is reported to have scored

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

46

292

24

170

=

70

462

Mrs. Piers F. Legh, shooting at home on September 9, 1881, scored

60 Yards

50 Yards

T OTALS

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

Hits

Score

48

316

24

162

=

72

478

Doubtless many other archers have already made noteworthy scores in the course of their private practice. These scores and the many others hereafter to be made, as much as possible better than any herein given, the editor (with Mr. H. A. Ford's adieu of 'Farewell and shoot well') will gladly record in the fourth edition.

PRINTED BY

SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE

LONDON

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See Sir John F. W. Herschel's Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, 'Estimation of Skill in Target-shooting,' p. 495.

[2] It should seem possible that Roger Ascham's condemnation of this style may be insincere, as he speaks of it as 'the waye of summe excellent shoters,' and further as good 'mennes faultes.' May it not be hoped that he refers to this as his own style when he says (see further on) 'of these faultes I have verye manye myself,' modestly classing his own excellence as possibly faulty. See Mulcaster, who says he (R. A.) 'hath showed himself a cunning Archer,' but this refers to his capacity for 'trayning the Archer to his bowe.'

[3] By 'drawing the arrow home' the full length of the arrow is not necessarily intended, but so much of its length as each archer should draw.

[4] It must have been from the absence of this complete faith that the celebrated archer mentioned by Montaigne in his seventeenth chapter was constrained to decline the offer made to him when condemned to die, that 'to save his life he should exhibit some notable proof of his art; but he refused to try, fearing lest the too great contention of his will should make him shoot wide, and that, instead of saving his life, he should also lose the reputation he had got of being a good marksman.' And again in the case of Tell the same scarcity of faith became apparent from his securing in his quiver that second quasi-historical arrow.

[5] 'Point-blank' can have no other meaning in Archery.

[6] Possibly now the 'Castle' publichouse, 9 Finsbury Pavement.

[7] The 'Rosemary Branch' publichouse, 2 Shepperton Road, Islington, N., is perhaps too far off the line to be identical. The same may be said of Pitfield Street, Hoxton.

[8] Wolsey died November 30, 1530

[9] The points for the Champion's medal are—

2

points each for gross score and gross hits.

1

point each for score and hits at

100

yards.

1

point            "         "

80

yards.

1

point            "         "

60

yards.

Total,

10

points.

Transcriber's note: Footnotes 10-20 immediately follow the tables that refer to them.

[21] No report of the meeting in 1881 can be traced.

Transcriber's Notes:

Punctuation and spelling standardized when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise unchanged. Simple typographical errors remedied; most retained.

Captions of some adjacent illustrations have been combined to preserve the continuity of the original book.

Illustrations have been moved to be adjacent to paragraphs that reference them.

Footnotes for scoring tables appear immediately below those tables.

Text on cover added by transcriber and placed in the Public Domain.

Page 111: in thee phrase "vision he will be able to do", 'he' was printed as 'be'.

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Table of Contents

ARCHERY

THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ARCHERY

PREFACE.

CONTENTS.

PLATES.

ARCHERY CHAPTER I. OF THE ENGLISH LONG-BOW

CHAPTER II. HOW TO CHOOSE A BOW, AND HOW TO USE AND PRESERVE IT WHEN CHOSEN

CHAPTER III. OF THE ARROW

CHAPTER IV. OF THE STRING, BRACER, AND SHOOTING-GLOVE

The Bracer or Armguard.

The Shooting-Glove, and other Protections for the Fingers.

CHAPTER V. OF THE GREASE-BOX, TASSEL, BELT, ETC

The Grease Box.

The Tassel.

The Belt, Quiver, etc.

The Scoring Apparatus.

The Register.

The 'Ascham.'

The Targets.

The Target-Stands.

The Quiver.

CHAPTER VI. OF BRACING, OR STRINGING, AND NOCKING

CHAPTER VII. OF ASCHAM'S FIVE POINTS, POSITION STANDING, ETC.

CHAPTER VIII. DRAWING

CHAPTER IX. AIMING

CHAPTER X. OF HOLDING AND LOOSING

Holding.

Loosing.

CHAPTER XI. OF DISTANCE SHOOTING, AND DIFFERENT ROUNDS

CHAPTER XII. ARCHERY SOCIETIES, 'RECORDS,' ETC.

CHAPTER XIII. THE PUBLIC ARCHERY MEETINGS AND THE DOUBLE YORK AND OTHER ROUNDS.

ROYAL TOXOPHILITE SOCIETY'S HANDICAP MEETINGS

SCOTCH PUBLIC MEETINGS

AMERICAN NATIONAL ARCHERY MEETINGS

CHAPTER XIV. CLUB SHOOTING AND PRIVATE PRACTICE

FOOTNOTES:

Transcriber's Notes:

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE