Army Pulse Radiation Facility
Author: Unknown
Date: 2022-05-19T00:00:00+00:00

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Army Pulse Radiation Facility

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Army Pulse Radiation Facility

Creator: U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory

Release date: May 19, 2022 [eBook #68120]

Language: English

Original publication: United States: US Government

Credits: Brian Coe, Lisa Corcoran, who supplied the scans, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARMY PULSE RADIATION FACILITY ***

Army Pulse Radiation Facility

Contents

| Page No.
The Concept | 3
The Facility | 5
The Reactor | 7
Exposure Locations and Performance Levels | 11
APRF User Support Facilities | 17
Instructions to Potential Users | 20
Table I.
APRFR Core Design Data | 8
Table II.
Typical APRFR Performance Levels | 8
Table III.
APRFR Fluence and Flux Data | 13
Table IV.
Nominal APRFR Leakage and U235 Fission Spectra | 13
Table V.
Fluence-to-Dose Conversion Factors for APRFR Leakage Neutrons | 14
Table VI.
Kerma and Kerma Rate in Tissue for APRFR Exposure Conditions | 14
Table VII.
Kerma and Kerma Rate in Silicon for APRFR Exposure Conditions | 15
Table VIII.
Neutron-to-Gamma Dose Ratios | 15
Table IX.
APRF User Support Equipment | 18

Army Pulse Radiation Facility
U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories
AMXRD-BTD
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005

Army Pulse Radiation Facility Location Map

The Concept

The Army Pulse Radiation Facility (APRF) is designed to meet an Army need for a facility located near the Eastern Seaboard capable of providing large fast neutron and gamma radiation doses within microseconds. This fast pulse radiation capability is necessary for the determination of transient responses of materiel in nuclear environments.

The APRF increases Army capability by providing improved simulation of radiative effects of a nuclear burst for studies of Army interest, and provides a facility for testing Army materiel. Because of its location, the APRF economically and efficiently serves the heavy concentration of Army agencies and contractors located along the Eastern Seaboard.

The design of the APRF is a direct outgrowth of projected user requirements. Thus the reactor can be used both for high dose irradiations of small objects, as a point source for radiation detector studies, and irradiation of bulk objects. The former requirement led to the incorporation of a 1½-inch OD “glory hole” running through the center of the core, and providing a fast neutron fluence of about 9 × 10¹⁴ neutrons per square centimeter per pulse. The latter two requirements have resulted in the design of a large volume, low-radiation backscatter Reactor Building. Provision is made for moving the reactor both within the Reactor Building and to an outdoor test site at heights variable up to 44 feet above ground by means of a mechanical device called the reactor transporter. The reactor is also capable of intermittent steady state operation in the kilowatt range for classes of experiments requiring this mode of operation.

The Facility

The APRF is located on the military reservation of Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), in southeastern Harford County, Maryland. The Reactor Building is at the center of the facility.

This building is a windowless, circular structure with aluminum siding. Inside, the building is 100 feet in diameter and 65 feet high. There is a roll-up door in the south wall for the passage of the reactor transporter to the outdoor test site and another in the west wall for the access of vehicles to the building. A shielded stairway and maze provides access from the underground Control Building. This concrete structure provides radiological shielding for the personnel and controls associated with the operation of the reactor and the conduct of experiments.

The area within a ~450-yard radius of the Reactor Building constitutes the APRF high-radiation area defined by a 10-foot anti-personnel fence. This high-radiation area is in turn surrounded by a nearly concentric restricted area defined at its outer boundary by a barbed wire warning fence at a radius of ~1500 yards from the Reactor Building.

The Laboratory Building, located at the periphery of the restricted area, houses the administrative and support personnel for the APRF. Access to APRF is controlled at this point.

APRF Reactor Core Assembly

The Reactor

The reactor, (APRFR), is designed for both self-limited, super-prompt-critical pulse operation and steady state operation. The maximum available pulse has a yield of ~2.1 × 10¹⁷ fissions, while steady state operation is limited to about 10 kilowatts by the reactor core cooling system and activation of the core.

High Yield Prompt Pulse Shape

The APRFR is an advanced version of the Health Physics Research Reactor (HPRR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), which has been operating since 1962. ORNL has played a key role in the design and testing of the APRFR. In pulse operation, the power level may rise on periods as short as 10 microseconds. Electro-mechanical scram systems are too slow to terminate such an excursion. Shutdown results from increased neutron leakage due to fuel expansion, resulting in a large prompt negative temperature coefficient of reactivity. This self-limiting feature depends almost entirely on the thermal expansion of the fuel alloy, and thus it is regarded as completely reliable and safe.

Following a pulse, additional reactor shutdown capability is provided by a safety block which, when ejected from the core, reduces the reactivity to about 20 dollars below delayed-critical. At lower yield pulses, below about 6 × 10¹⁶ fissions, the safety block is ejected by the electro-mechanical scram system in about 0.1 seconds after a pulse. At higher yield pulses, the safety block is ejected in much shorter times due to thermo-mechanical shock forces which cause the safety block to bounce out. The large shutdown margin provided by the safety block is also the primary design device for preventing accidental criticalities during periods of reactor shutdown.

The APRFR core is an unmoderated cylindrical assembly containing about 125 kilograms of an alloy of uranium 235 containing 10% molybdenum. The actual core mass varies with the experiment. The core is cylindrical and consists of two concentric annuli: a fixed outer shell of stacked fuel discs bolted together with nine fuel bolts and Inconel nuts and a movable inner safety block, also of fuel alloy. The 1½-inch OD “glory hole” runs vertically through the center of the safety block. Key reactor data is summarized in Tables I and II. The APRFR has been operated during tests at ORNL at more than twice its design yield.

Table I.

APRFR Core Design Data

Core Diameter | 8.90 inches
Core Height[1] | 8.0 inches
Fuel Alloy | 90 wt % uranium -
| 10 wt % molybdenum
Uranium-235 Enrichment | 93.14%
Total Fuel Mass[2] | 125
Safety Block Mass | 15.7 kg
Safety Block Height | 8.06 inches
Safety Block Diameter | 4.00 inches
Glory Hole Diameter | 1.50 inches
Number of Control Rods | Three
Core Cooling | Forced Air
Number of Core Bolts | Nine
Safety Block Reactivity Worth | ~$20
Pulse Rod Reactivity Worth | ~$1.15
Core Environment During Pulse | Dry Nitrogen
Core Cooling | Forced Air

Table II.

Typical APRFR Performance Levels

PULSE MODE |
Routine Yield | 1.5 × 10¹⁷ fissions/pulse
Reactivity Insertion | $1.10
Pulse Half-Width | 48 μsec
Initial Prompt Period | 18 μsec
Maximum Fuel Temperature Rise | 400°C
Temperature Coefficient | -0.3 cents/°C
Maximum Available Yield | ~2.1 × 10¹⁷ fissions/pulse
STEADY STATE MODE |
Continuous Operation | ~1 kw
Intermittent Operation | ~10 kw

Steady state power levels are limited by effectiveness of core cooling system and core activation.

APRF Floor Plan

Exposure Locations and Performance Levels

The highest fluence and dose rates are available in the 1½-inch glory hole. Since the reactor is supported from above by the transporter, the areas around and below the core are also available for experiments.

The core can be positioned by remote control anywhere within the range of travel of the transporter. Vertical travel is limited to about 44 feet above the Reactor Building floor level. Horizontal travel is limited by the range of the rails on which the transporter travels. Six pairs of rails extend radially from a turntable in the center of the Reactor Building. These rails terminate within the Reactor Building, except for one pair which extends 90 feet outside the building to an outdoor test site. Each pair of rails defines one experimental location where semi-permanent equipment and shielding can be set up without tying up the entire reactor operation.

Fluence and flux data for three typical exposure locations are given in Table III. In the absence of reflecting material beyond 1 meter from core center (position P3), these values fall off essentially as

- 1
- ——
- R²

where R is the distance to core center. Other performance data are summarized in Tables IV through VIII.

Table III.

APRFR Fluence and Flux Data

Routine Pulse Yield
1.5 × 10¹⁷ Fissions

Maximum Pulse Yield
2.1 × 10¹⁷ Fissions

Fluence, n/cm²
P1[3] | 6.7 × 10¹⁴ | 9.3 × 10¹⁴
P2 | 2.0 × 10¹⁴ | 2.8 × 10¹⁴
P3 | 1.7 × 10¹² | 2.4 × 10¹²
Flux Density, n/cm²/sec
P1 | 1.4 × 10¹⁹ | 2.0 × 10¹⁹
P2 | 4.3 × 10¹⁸ | 6.0 × 10¹⁸
P3 | 3.7 × 10¹⁶ | 5.2 × 10¹⁶

Table IV.

Nominal APRFR Leakage and U235 Fission Spectra [4]

Energy
Group
Number
n

Energy
Range
(Mev)

Average
Energy
Eₙ
(Mev)

APRFR
Spectrum
Fraction
XₙΔEₙ

U235 Fission
Spectrum
Fraction
XₙΔEₙ

1 | 3.0-∞ | 4.41 | 0.133 | 0.204
2 | 1.4-3.0 | 2.10 | 0.251 | 0.344
3 | 0.9-1.4 | 1.14 | 0.164 | 0.168
4 | 0.4-0.9 | 0.65 | 0.262 | 0.180
5 | 0.1-0.4 | 0.26 | 0.168 | 0.090
6 | 0-0.1 | 0.059 | 0.022 | 0.014
SUM | | | 1.000 | 1.000
Mean
Energy
(Mev) | | | ~1.55 | ~1.8

Table V.

Fluence-to-Dose Conversion Factors
for APRFR Leakage Neutrons

Material | Quantity | Conversion Factor
Tissue | Kerma | 2.4 × 10⁻⁷ | erg/gram
neutron/cm²
Tissue | Maximum Absorbed Dose For | 3.5 × 10⁻⁹ | rad
Normally Incident Neutrons | neutron/cm²
Silicon | Elastic Recoil Kerma | 2.7 × 10⁻⁹ | erg/gram
(~Permanent Effect) | neutron/cm²
Silicon | Ionization Kerma | 2.9 × 10⁻⁹ | erg/gram
(~Transient Effects) | neutron/cm²
Silicon | (Total) Kerma | 5.6 × 10⁻⁹ | erg/gram
| neutron/cm²

Table VI.

Kerma and Kerma Rate in Tissue
for APRFR Exposure Conditions

Routine Pulse Yield
1.5 × 10¹⁷ Fissions

Maximum Pulse Yield
2.1 × 10¹⁷ Fissions

Kerma in Tissue (ergs/gm)
P1[5] | 1.6 × 10⁸ | 2.2 × 10⁸
P2 | 4.9 × 10⁷ | 6.8 × 10⁷
P3 | 4.1 × 10⁵ | 5.7 × 10⁵
Kerma Rate in Tissue (ergs/gm/sec)
P1 | 3.5 × 10¹² | 4.7 × 10¹²
P2 | 1.1 × 10¹² | 1.5 × 10¹²
P3 | 8.8 × 10⁹ | 1.2 × 10¹⁰

Table VII.

Kerma and Kerma Rate in Silicon
for APRFR Exposure Conditions

Routine Pulse Yield
1.5 × 10¹⁷ Fissions

Maximum Pulse Yield
2.1 × 10¹⁷ Fissions

Total Kerma in Silicon, ergs/gm[6]
P1[7] | 2.7 × 10⁶ | 5.2 × 10⁶
P2 | 1.1 × 10⁶ | 1.6 × 10⁶
P3 | 9.5 × 10³ | 13.3 × 10³
Total Kerma Rate in Silicon, (ergs/gm/sec)
P1 | 5.8 × 10¹⁰ | 11.0 × 10¹⁰
P2 | 2.4 × 10¹⁰ | 3.5 × 10¹⁰
P3 | 2.0 × 10⁸ | 2.9 × 10⁸

Table VIII.

Neutron-to-Gamma Dose Ratios [8]

| neutron rads tissue | | n/cm²/sec
| gamma rads tissue | | gamma rads tissue
Core Center (P1) | 10 | | 2.7 × 10⁹
Core Surface (P2) | 10 | | 2.7 × 10⁹
1 Meter from Core Center (P3) | 9 | | 3.3 × 10⁹
10 Meters from Core Center | 7 | | 2.5 × 10⁷

Cross Section of Reactor Building

APRF User Support Facilities

APRF is designed and staffed to assist its users in all key areas relating to reactor utilization.

Physical Space Several areas in the underground Control Building are available to experimenters. These include the trailer tunnel with room for two full-sized trailers, the data acquisition room, and the instrument shop. All of these areas are provided with conduits so that cables can be run directly to them from the Reactor Building. In the trailer tunnel the minimum cable length required to run to the core surface is about 30 feet.

The exposure areas in the Reactor Building and the outdoor test site are equipped with conduits for communication and instrumentation cables.

Available areas in the Laboratory Building include a high-bay set up area, a machine shop, laboratory space, fume hood with remote manipulator, photography laboratory, and offices.

Data Acquisition and Processing The basic element here is the APRF Data Acquisition System described in Table IX. Various other instrumentation is available as summarized in Table IX. Data processing is available at the ARDC computer center and with on-line equipment at APRF.

Dosimetry Routine dosimetry is performed by APRF personnel. Methods available include fluence and spectrum measurements using foil techniques, glass rod microdosimetry, thermoluminescence, and diverse active dosimeters. Foils are analyzed using the APRF Automatic Dosimetry System and data are available within a short time following exposure.

Measurements are supplemented by analytical methods including one and two dimensional transport theory, Monte Carlo, and special foil analysis codes.

Staff The APRF staff is available to guide, plan and set up experiments at the reactor, perform dosimetry, and assist in data acquisition. APRF participation is determined on a case-by-case basis.

Health Physics Health physics survey, monitoring, decontamination and related services are available in conjunction with the BRL Health Physics Division.

Table IX.

APRF User Support Equipment

Transient Data Recording System
TAPE RECORDERS: | Three each—14 track Honeywell Model 7600
FREQUENCY: | DC to 80 kHz FM, 400 Hz to 700 kHz Direct
SIGNAL | Universal Strain gauge and thermocouple with
CONDITIONING: | 100 KC DC amplifiers
TIME CODE: | IRIG A, 1 millisecond resolution
PATCH PANELS: | Coaxial and triaxial connectors for all inputs
| and outputs, insulated shields.
AUTO CALIBRATION: | 50 channel, 3 step
CHANNEL ID: | Automatic ID in binary code
PLAYBACK: | 12” oscillograph
Dosimetry
Basic Foil Calibration System
5000 Curie Co-60 source
Automated Sulfur, Fission Foil and Gamma Well Counting System,
100 Samples each per cycle
Eight channel active dosimeter system with digital read out and
computer analysis of neutron fluence and energy
Toshiba Glass Rod and Harshaw TLD Gamma System
Computer
16 bit/16K memory with foreground/background operation. Automatic
acquisition and reduction of foil counting data on-line. On-line
monitoring of reactor power pulse with analysis of peak, half-width
and yield. On-line monitoring of active dosimeters with data reduction.
Real time/Fortran IV.
General Equipment
3300 Nuclear Data Multiparameter Analyzer, 4096 channel with
magnetic tape; RIDL 400 Channel Pulse Height Analyzer.
Oscilloscopes, cameras, electronic calibration equipment.
Hood areas with manipulators, photographic laboratory, radiation
monitoring equipment and services, machine shop.

Instructions To Potential Users

It is imperative to realize that there are stringent safety requirements connected with the use of the APRFR. All experiments will follow a written test plan approved at APRF. In order to perform an experiment with maximum usefulness and efficiency, it is essential that APRF be contacted during the early planning stages of a potential experiment. Failure to do this may result in erroneous experiment planning as regards safety and use of exposure space resulting in schedule delays, and possibly cancellation or drastic revision of the experiment.

For further information contact:

Commanding Officer
U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories
ATTN: AMXRD-BTD, Facility Coordinator
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005

Footnotes:

[1] This value varies with experimental environment of core.

[2] This value varies with experimental environment of core.

[3] P1: Center of Glory Hole; P2: Core Surface (11.3 cm from Core Center); P3: 1 meter from Core Center.

[4] These values are approximate and meant for qualitative comparison only.

[5] P1: Center of Glory Hole; P2: Core Surface; P3: 1 Meter from Core Center.

[6] Ionization and elastic recoil processes contribute roughly equal amounts to the total kerma.

[7] P1: Center of Glory Hole; P2: Core Surface; P3: 1 Meter from Core Center.

[8] Representative data. Actual values influenced by core operating history.

Transcriber’s Notes:

The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.

Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARMY PULSE RADIATION FACILITY ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

- • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

- • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

- • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

- • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

Table of Contents

- Army Pulse Radiation Facility

- Contents

- The Concept

- The Facility

- The Reactor

- Table I.

- Table II.

- Exposure Locations and Performance Levels

- Table III.

- Table IV.

- Table V.

- Table VI.

- Table VII.

- Table VIII.

- APRF User Support Facilities

- Table IX.

- Instructions To Potential Users

- THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE